Biology 251 CSN exam 3

Antimicrobial

a general term use to describe a drug that kills microbes

Antiprotozoals

a type of drug that is designed to work in high concentrations

Aminoglycosides

often reserve for very serious infections

antibiotic resistance

a major threat to health, safety and national security

anitbiotic

the technical term for a drug that kills bacteria

Cephalosporin

A drug that works on cell walls

Antifungals

drugs that work on ergosterol

Fluroquinolones

drug that work to interfere with DNA / RNA stability / Replication

Broad spectrum

kill a wide of bacteria works on general structures

Tetracycline

cheap, easily available may cause tooth decolorization and GI problems

Antihelminthic

drugs that inhibit microtubule function among other things

polymyxin

pulls parts of lipid molecules away from each other

adaptive

the type of immunity that develops and changes over time

immunity

general term used to describe our body's ability to respond to microbes and other dangerous substances

IGM

antibody produced first in response to a microbe

IGE

antibody produced in response to allergic reactions or worms

antibody

a protein our body makes that has the purpose of attaching to a microbe or toxin

lysozyme

a chemical that breaks down peptidoglycan

interferons

chemicals that stop viral reproduction

innate

the type of immunity we are born with and is a general response

antigen

a substance that stimulates an immune response

IGG

antibody that gives long lasting protection from certain antigens

phagocytosis

process used by certain cells in our body to engulf and destroy invaders

IGA

antibody found in mucous membranes

pyrogen

a chemical that stimulates a rise in body temperature

defensin

A chemical that breaks down cell membranes create holes in cell membranes

degermer

A chemical used on living things that removes microbes and/or debris

Halogens

a class of chemicals that interferes with proteins and cofactors

Alcohols

a class of chemicals that damages membranes, denatures proteins and dehydrates cells

disinfectant

a chemical used on non-living things that does not kill spores

Decontamination

process of removing undesirable microbes

Sterilization

the process of destroying all microbes including spores.

resistance

the ability of a microbe to withstand our efforts at decontamination

preservative

a chemical that inhibits the growth of microbes

contaminant

any microbes we don't want in a certain place

moist heat

The most effective method of sterilization

Radiation

a physical method of control that moves or ejects electrons from atoms

santization

any process that reduces the number of microbes but does not necessarily eliminate all of them

Toxins

filtration may remove microbes but generally does not remove these

attenuated vaccine

vaccine based on weakened microbe

vaccination

the process we use to expose someone to the antigenic but not pathogenic part of the microbe

killed

a vaccine that uses a dead microbe

antigenic

the part of a microbe that causes our body to respond

subunit vaccines

vaccine made with just a small part of a microbe

Toxoid

a vaccine based off a modified microbial toxin

pathogenic

the part of a microbe that causes us to become sick

What does inflammation do?

It traps microbes so phagocytes can come over and destroy them

what type of radiation are you using if electrons are moved from one shell/orbital to another but not ejected from atom/molecules

non-ionizing

filtration will remove most microbes but will not remove

Toxins

how does the process of natural selection allow for the development of entire colonies of resistant bacteria when antibiotics are introduced

resistant bacteria survive in the presence of antibiotics so they can reproduce and the susceptible bacteria die so they cannot. This allows the next generation of individuals to have genes for antibiotic resistance

The type of antibiotics that kills only one or a few types of bacteria is called _________. It can do this because it works_________.

Narrow spectrum; on structures specific to certain types of bacteria

during ___________ cells in our body engulf microbes and destroy them.

phagocytosis

in vaccination we exposed someone to the ______ part of the microbe, but not the __________ part of the microbe.

antigenic; pathogenic

ionizing radiation

ejects electrons from molecules

drawback of filtration

does not remove toxins as toxins are often responsible for disease

different factors affecting resistance to decontamination

Time, cell characteristics, biofilms, genetic and metabolic activities.

How does cold work to kill/ stop microbes from growing?

slow metabolic enzyme function often does not kill microbes, slows growth of enzymes

filtration

used for liquids / air removes microbes

antiseptic

prevent invasion of sterile tissue

degermed

removed microbes/ debris

Heavy metals kill microbes by

inactivate active sides / bind to proteins/ enzymes

Narrow specturm antibiotics

kill only one or few types of bacteria works on specific structures and targets.

B-lactams drugs

work to disrupt the cross-linking of peptidoglycan strain in the cell wall of bacteria.

Chloramephenicol

binds to 50S portion and inhibits formation of peptide bond

Often drug of last resort, can lead to aplastic anemia

Macroslides

prevent peptide bond formation between amino acids

Gentle antibiotics, often used for ear infections, respiratory infections and topical skin infections

interfering with enzymes that bacteria use to synthesize nucleic acid and amino acids. Stops the bacterium to be able to be copied.

Sulfa drugs

Bacteria can be resistant to antibiotics by:

developing new alternate enzymes, inhibit uptake of drugs, develop drug transport pump, after binding sites changing metabolic pathways.

How do antifungals work?

inhibit ergosterol synthesis, inhibit protein synthesis, inhibit chitin synthesis

how antiprotozoals agents work

Designed to get concentrated in the parasite, inhibits cell processes/ metabolism

How anthelmintics work

inhibit microtubule functions in worms, block glucose use

What is the general way all antivirals work to stop viral infections

block a stage in viral replication

normal (resident) flora

live with us for long periods of time

transient flora

live with us for short period of time.

sign

objective evidence of disease such as a fever

Symptoms

Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient

Symptomatic carrier

active case of disease

asymptomatic carrier

someone who is infected with a disease organism but is not experiencing symptoms

Incubation carriers (Asymptomatic carrier)

do not know they are sick yet, passing disease

convalescent carrier

a person who recovers from a disease but continues to be a carrier

chronic carrier

may never be sick, carry the microbe and can pass on organisms to each other

Vectors

something that spread a disease causing microbe usually a non human animal

Reservoirs

Source of infection , locations where microbes normally exist and increase in number

innate immunity

general response to virtually all / any microbe.

adaptive immunity

develops over the lifetime of a individual and everyone has a unique adaptive "fingerprint"

Steps of phagocytosis

1. chemotaxis: movement toward area of damage microbes

2. phagolysosomes: lysosomes move to phagolysosomes

3. Destruction and elimination: chemical reaction destroys the pathogen

IgD

found in small amounts, generally just attached to B cells

IgG

provides long term immunity

active immunity

is developed when exposed to the antigen

passive immunity

developed when you are given a premade antibody

natural immunity

occurs through natural events / being human

artificial immunity

acquired through a medical procedure such as a vaccine

complement cascade

a complex sequence of events which occurs after the activation of complement proteins

Stages in the Complement Cascade

1. Initiation: recognition of the microbe protein production is started

2. Amplification: protein production continues many proteins are made

3. Polymerization: complement protein joins together

4. Membrane attack: joined together proteins insert into membranes

how do antibodies work to destroy microbes

antibodies attach to the antigen of the microbe and prevent that antigen from being able to attach to its target.

T cells

Mature in thymus; kill tumor cells and help activate B cells

B cells

produce proteins called antibodies

principle of vaccination

exposure to antigen not pathogenic part of microbes.

Prevents illness from actual microbes after real life exposure.

Killed whole microbe vaccines

entire microbe killed/ inactivated with heat or chemical and antigens remain intact , diluted into appropriate solution for injection

Live attenuated vaccines

using entire live microbes that are weakened so unable to be replicated once in human body

Toxoid vaccines

vaccine is created against the toxin not the microbe inactivated to form toxoid