Anatomy and Physiology 2 Exam 4

Exergonic reactions _______ energy

release

To catabolize something, what does that mean?

break down or destroy bonds

Endergonic reactions _____ energy

store

When something is anabolic, what does that mean?

synthesize or build

T/F ATP is inherently an unstable molecule

TRUE; ATP is very unstable

Why is ATP an unstable molecule?

negatively charged phosphate groups repel one another strongly

places strain on molecule making bonds highly unstable and molecule reactive

What is phosphorylation?

kinase enzymes take a phosphate from ATP and add it to its reactant

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

involves transfer of phosphate group directly from phosphate-containing molecule to ADP

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

use of a proton gradient coupled with a series of oxidation-reduction reactions allowing for transmembrane ATP synthases to generateATP

A reduction reaction gains or loses electrons (H+ in this case)?

GAINS

RIG (reduction is gaining)

An oxidation reaction gains or loses electrons (H+ in this case)

LOSES

OIL (oxidation is losing)

Where is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) found?

in the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix

What is the function of an electron carrier?

accepts electrons that are removed by oxidation of other molecules

Reduced NADH and FADH2 transfer their electrons to __________?

other electron carriers

Glycolytic (anaerobic) catabolism reactions take place in ____________ of ___________ and involve _____________

absensce of oxygen and involve glycolysis

What are the broad classes of glucose catabolism?

glycolytic (anaerobic) catabolism and oxidative (aerobic) catabolism

T/F Aerobic Catabolism does NOT require oxygen

FALSE; Aerobic catabolism DO require oxygen

Aerovic cellular respiration involves cell’s consumption of __________ and production of __________ ____________ and ______.

oxygen, carbon dioxide and water

When something gets phosphorylated what does that mean?

it gains a new phosphate group

Under ANAEROBIC conditions pyruvate is reduced to __________ in the ___________ of the cell during glucose catabolism

lactose, cytosol

Under AEROBIC conditions pyruvate is transported into which part of the cell during glucose catabolism?

MITOCHONDRIA

Loss of a carbon in glucose catabolism produces what?

acetate

Before entering the citric acid cycle, acetate is oxidized into what?

Acetyl-CoA

What is the first step of the citric acid cycle?

a 2-carbon Acetyl-CoA combines with 4-carbon oxaloacetate making a 6-carbon citrate

What is the second step of the citric acid cycle?

CoA is removed and can be used later to make succinyl-CoA as part of the first oxidation reaction

Carbon dioxide anf NADH is produced

What is the third step of the citric acid cycle?

ATP is synthesized using succinyl-CoA as a reactant with ADP

Succinate and CoA is also produced

What is the fourth step in the citric acid cycle?

succinate is oxidized in a series of steps to get oxalacetate

FADH2 and NADH are produced

How many rounds of the citric acid cycle is needed to get 10 NADH molecules and 2 FADH2 molecules?

TWO ROUNDS