ECG, ECC, and fluid therapy

Dogs, cats, and horses have a circulating blood volume of approximately ________ mL/kg, 40-60 mL/kg, and 80 mL/kg

20-40

When an electrolyte solution is administered, how much should remain in the vascular space and how much should move into the interstitium

25%, 75%

Colloids do what by increasing the oncotic pressure of blood?

expand plasma volume

What are some examples of colloids?

hetastarch, dextran plasma

What are some examples of crystalloid fluids?

LRS, 0.9% NaCl Normasol-R, plasma lyte

What is the shock dose fluid in dogs?

80-90 mL/kg

What is the shock dose for cats?

50-60 mL/kg

Why should hypotonic fluids never be used in fluid resuscitation?

they are highly ineffective for expanding vascular volume and could cause overly rapid changes in blood osmoality

When would hypertonic saline administration be warranted?

hypovolemic shock

Fluid resuscitation administration should be titrated to effect based on clinical response the best practice of this would be to administer _____ of the shock dose over 15 minutes then reassess

¼

Appropriate fluid therapy involves what?

correction of dehydration, replacement of ongoing losses, and provision of maintenance fluid requirements

fluid replacement may be higher or increased in what type of animals

animals with chronic loss or disease

Every gram of weight is measured is equal to ____ of fluid loss which is why soiled pads are weighed when measuring in and outs

1

Dextrose solutions greater than 2.5% should not be given subcutaneously because?

it causes tissue irritation and necrosis

Enteral fluids are used often in what type of animal

Large animals

_______ can be seen with gastrointestinal losses of potassium such as vomiting or diarrhea, and with urinary losses

hypokalemia

What accumulates when tissues do not receive enough oxygen

lactic acid

What is one of the greatest concerns with volume overload from fluid therapy

pulmonary edema

What is the recommended maximum blood donation for cats

10-12 mL/kg

What is the maximum blood donation in dogs

15-20 mL/kg

What anticoagulant do you use for blood transfusions used immediately?

heparin

What are common blood products used in small animal transfusions?

packed rbc’s and plasma

What is considered to be fresh plasma

6-8 hours after collection is considered fresh plasma

What type of transfusion is commonly used in patients with clotting disorders

plasma

What type of fluids are sometimes prescribed for client administration at home?

subcutaneous

What happens when the pH is less than 7.1?

many patients will develop arrhythmias and vascular complications that ate best treated by increasing the pH

What is the typical normal systolic blood pressure range for dogs and cats?

90-160

What is the typical PCV cut off where a whole blood transfusion should be considered for a patient that is actively bleeding

20-25

Dogs do not have naturally occurring antibodies, therefore a transfusion reaction is less likely after a _____ transfusion of red blood cells

first

What animal is more prone to transfusion reactions and should be cross matched

Cats

A useful guideline for RBC transfusion in dogs is that 2 mL/kg of whole blood or 1 mL/kg of packed RBC’s will raise the PCV by how much?

1%

To distinguish a corneal ulcer, what is applied to the eye?

Fluorescein

What recumbency should an animals be in when being recorded for ECG

right lateral recumbency

How to you care for a recumbent animal

keep it safe and calm and check basic needs

Where does the white ECG lead go

right forelimb

on an ECG, what is the P wave associated with

atrial depolarization

On an ECG, the QRS complex is associated with

ventricular depolarization

ventricular tachycardia in a dog is a run of 4 or more VPC’s in succession at a rapid heart rate of?

180

what is ventricular fibrillation

a life threatening rhythm characterized by chaotic, irregular waves due to lack of organized ventricular activity

Excess fluid that is removed through a NG tube is?

gastric reflux

What should be noted about gastric reflux

amount, color, and odor

the introduction of a needle into a joint is called

a joint tap or arthrocentesis

What systems are commonly evaluated during triage

cardio, respiratory, neurological

What drug is used to decrease cerebral edema in the post arrest patient

mannitol

what is a comatose patient

a completely disconnected patient from the environment and reacts only to noxious stimuli

Decerebrate posture is best described as

rigid extension of all limbs with apisthotonos

What questions should you ask when evaluating an ECG?

1. is there a P to every QRS

2. Is the a QRS to every P

3. is it predictable

What is Asystole

the absence of rhythm with no palpable pulse

What are some clinical indications for fluid therapy

dehydration, shock, hypovolemia

What are example of isotonic fluids

LRS, 0.4% NACl, Normosol-R

What is the replacement fluid rate calculation

% dehydration x body weight (kg) x 1000=mL deficit

What type of hypersensitivity is associated with blood transfusion

type 1

What is the time frame in which most transfusion reactions occur

15-30 minutes

What are signs of transfusion reactions

fever, vomiting, uticaria, hypertension, tachycardia

Blood should not be given concurrently with what

dextrose

Cats is shock often present with what

brachycardia

The shock system in dogs is the ______ thus signs may be vomiting, diarrhea, bloody stools

GI tract

Treatment areas that see emergencies should have access to?

oxygen, suction, emergency drugs, IV fluids and ECG monitoring

What are common signs of SIRS

sepsis, trauma, burns, pancreatitis

SIRS is a secondary effect of shock and causes widespread ______

inflammation

Most dependable measurement of successful compressions is?

palpable pulse

Animals in respiratory distress, especially cats, can die as a result of even small amounts of?

pleural effusion

What is a common side effect of NG tube removal and is generally self resolving

sneezing