Optical Isomermism

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Last updated 3:01 PM on 9/24/23
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6 Terms

1
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What is optical isomerism?

  • it is a form of stereoisomerism, they have the same structural formula but different arrangements of atoms in space.

  • they are mirror images of each other and have a chrical carbon atom,

2
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what is a chrical molecule?

  • a chiral molecule has 4 different groups attached to a carbon atom.we can arrange these groups in 2 different ways which form 2 different molecules called enantiomers

  • these enantiomers are mirror images if each other and are non -superimposable. =no matter which way you turn they will not overlap.

3
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How to find the chiral centre?

  • 1)we need to draw them in a tetrahedral 3d shape to show them as enantiomers

  • 2)then draw mirror line and draw another one flipped

4
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Plane polarised light

  • optically active isomers will rotate plane Polarised light. This is a method of detecting an optically active compound.(one entiometer rotates light clockwise the other will rotate anticlockwise but degree of orientation is the same)

  • standard light oscillates in all directions

  • we pass this light through a polarized filter to produce plain polarized light. this light only oscillates in one direction.

5
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What is a racemate?

  • a racemate is when we have an equal amount of each enantiomer we have a racemic mixture.

  • racemates do not rotate plane polarised light.The 2 enantiomers rotate light in opposite directions and they cancel out.

  • a race-mic mixture of a chiral product is often made by reacting achiral substances together.When the molecules react there is an even chance of forming each enantiomer.

6
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  • molecules with planar profiles such as double bonds can make racemic products

  • these reactions occur when we have an attack on the carbonyl group of unsymmetrical ketons and aldheydes.

  • the cn- can attack either from above or below forming 2 different enantiomers

  • due to the planar structure of the c=o there is an even chance of the nucleophile attacking from the top and thr bottom.

  • this means there is a 50/50 chance mixture of both enantiomers and hence we produce a racemic mixture of products.