Cells 7

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Last updated 5:13 AM on 5/22/26
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85 Terms

1
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What is photosynthesis?
The process that converts light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
2
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What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
3
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What are the inputs of photosynthesis?
Light, water, and carbon dioxide.
4
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What are the outputs of photosynthesis?
Glucose and oxygen.
5
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Which organisms perform photosynthesis?
Plants.
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Which organisms perform cellular respiration?
Both plants and animals.
7
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What is the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?
Photosynthesis stores energy in glucose while respiration releases energy from glucose.
8
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What organelle carries out photosynthesis?
The chloroplast.
9
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What are the major chloroplast structures?
Outer membrane, inner membrane, thylakoid membrane, stroma, thylakoid space, and intermembrane space.
10
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How many membrane systems does a chloroplast have?
Three.
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What are the chloroplast membrane systems?

Outer membrane, inner membrane, and thylakoid membrane.
12
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What are thylakoids?
Flattened membrane sacs where light reactions occur.
13
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Where do light reactions occur?
On the thylakoid membrane.
14
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Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
In the stroma.
15
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What is the stroma?
The fluid-filled region surrounding thylakoids inside the chloroplast.
16
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What is the thylakoid space?
The internal compartment inside thylakoids where protons accumulate.
17
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Why is the thylakoid membrane functionally important?
It contains photosystems, ETC proteins, and ATP synthase.
18
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What important molecules do chloroplasts contain?
Their own DNA and ribosomes.
19
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Can chloroplasts make some of their own proteins?
Yes.
20
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What are the stages of photosynthesis?

Light reactions and Calvin cycle.
21
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What is the main purpose of the light reactions?
Convert light energy into chemical energy.
22
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What is the main purpose of the Calvin cycle?
Use ATP and NADPH to fix CO2 into carbohydrates.
23
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What are photosystems?
Protein complexes containing chlorophyll in the thylakoid membrane.
24
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What pigment absorbs light energy in photosystems?
Chlorophyll.
25
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What happens when chlorophyll absorbs light?
Electrons become energized.
26
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What happens to high-energy electrons after excitation?
They move through the photosynthetic electron transport chain.
27
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What is the photosynthetic electron transport chain?
A series of protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane that transfer high-energy electrons.
28
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What is the electron flow sequence in light reactions?
Photosystem II → ETC → Photosystem I.
29
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What does Photosystem II do?
Absorbs light and provides energized electrons.
30
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What does Photosystem I do?
Re-energizes electrons to produce NADPH.
31
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What molecule is split during light reactions?
Water.
32
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What are the products of water splitting?
Electrons, H+, and oxygen.
33
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Where does the oxygen released in photosynthesis come from?
Water.
34
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What are the outputs of the light reactions?
ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
35
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What is NADPH?
A high-energy electron carrier used in the Calvin cycle.
36
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What happens to protons during light reactions?
They accumulate in the thylakoid space.
37
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Where is proton concentration highest in chloroplasts during light reactions?
The thylakoid space.
38
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What creates the proton gradient in chloroplasts?
The photosynthetic electron transport chain.
39
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Why is the proton gradient important in photosynthesis?
It drives ATP production.
40
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What is chemiosmosis?
The use of proton movement through ATP synthase to generate ATP.
41
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What enzyme produces ATP in chloroplasts?
ATP synthase.
42
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What reaction does ATP synthase catalyze?
ADP + Pi → ATP.
43
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What powers ATP synthase?
Movement of protons down their concentration gradient.
44
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What happens to ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions?
They are used in the Calvin cycle.
45
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What does “carbon fixation” mean?
Incorporating CO2 into organic molecules.
46
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What is another name for the Calvin cycle?
Carbon fixation.
47
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What are the 3 stages of the Calvin cycle?
Fixation, reduction, and regeneration.
48
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What happens during Calvin cycle fixation?
CO2 combines with a 5-carbon molecule.
49
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What is the 5-carbon molecule in the Calvin cycle?
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP).
50
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What is produced during the fixation stage?
6 low-energy 3-carbon molecules.
51
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What happens during the reduction stage?
ATP and NADPH convert low-energy molecules into high-energy G3P.
52
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What high-energy molecule is produced during reduction?
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).
53
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What is G3P?
A high-energy 3-carbon molecule produced in the Calvin cycle.
54
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How many G3P molecules leave the Calvin cycle?
One.
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What happens to the G3P that leaves the cycle?
Two G3P molecules combine to form glucose.
56
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What happens during regeneration?
The 5-carbon RuBP molecules are regenerated.
57
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What is required for regeneration in the Calvin cycle?
ATP.
58
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Which stage of the Calvin cycle regenerates the 5-carbon molecule?
Regeneration.
59
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Does the Calvin cycle directly require light?
No.
60
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What molecules from the light reactions are used in the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH.
61
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What is the purpose of photosynthesis in plants?
To generate glucose.
62
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What do plant cells do with glucose after photosynthesis?
Break it down in respiration to produce ATP.
63
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Why must animals obtain glucose externally?
Animals cannot photosynthesize.
64
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Where does almost all glucose on Earth ultimately come from?
Photosynthesis.
65
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What process breaks down glucose to generate ATP?
Cellular respiration.
66
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What do both photosynthesis and respiration use to generate ATP?
Proton gradients and ATP synthase.
67
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What organelles use ATP synthase?
Chloroplasts and mitochondria.
68
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What do chloroplasts and mitochondria both contain?
DNA and ribosomes.
69
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What major feature do chloroplasts and mitochondria share?
Double membranes.
70
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What theory explains the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria?
Endosymbiosis.
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What does the endosymbiotic theory state?
Ancient cells engulfed bacteria that evolved into organelles.
72
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What evidence supports endosymbiosis?
DNA, ribosomes, double membranes, and independent replication.
73
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Which organelle likely evolved from photosynthetic bacteria?
Chloroplasts.
74
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Which organelle likely evolved from aerobic bacteria?
Mitochondria.
75
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Which chloroplast compartment accumulates protons during light reactions?
The thylakoid space.
76
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Which chloroplast compartment contains the Calvin cycle?
The stroma.
77
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What are the major outputs of the Calvin cycle?
G3P/carbohydrates.
78
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What is the function of ATP in photosynthesis?
Provides energy for the Calvin cycle.
79
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What is the function of NADPH in photosynthesis?
Provides high-energy electrons for the Calvin cycle.
80
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What is the main function of chlorophyll?
Absorb light energy.
81
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What is the overall role of photosynthesis in ecosystems?
It powers almost all life on Earth.
82
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Which stage of photosynthesis produces oxygen?
Light reactions.
83
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Which stage of photosynthesis fixes CO2?
Calvin cycle.
84
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What happens to the oxygen produced during photosynthesis?
It is released into the atmosphere.
85
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What type of energy is stored in glucose?
Chemical energy.