psych 104 final

learning

an enduring or durable change in behavior or mental processes due 2 exp. relatively perm, causes a change in beh, occurs due 2 interactions with enviro

event alone

type of learning, habituation + sensation

event event

type of learning, classical conditioning

beh event

type of learning, intstrumental conditioning

innate

unlearned behaviors, something inborn or naturally occurring

reflex

unlearned behaviors, stim-response relationship which is either learned or innate + indicates that behavior that happens automatically

habituation

process by which we respond less strongly over time 2 repeated stim, highly specific

habituation effect

decrease in vigor of elicited beh that occurs with repeated presentations of the eliciting stim. elicited beh is not fixed, response decreases stim spec

adv of habituation

we learn which stim 2 ignore + which 2 respond 2

sensitization

increase in the strength of a response 2 a repeated stimulus. can result from repeated presentations of a stim or by arousal from extraneous stim, often not specific

classical conditioning

form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes 2 signal the occurrence of a second stimulus

elicits

brings about

stimulus

anything in the enviro that we can detect, is measurable + can evoke a response or beh

association

relationship between 2 stimuli

acquisition

time while assoc is being learned

unconditioned stim

US, bio sig stim that already has response assoc with it

unconditioned response

UR, naturally assoc with US

neutral stimulus

NS, doesn’t naturally elicit a response

conditioned stimulus

CS, prev NS that comes to elicit a conditioned response

conditioned response

CR, learned response 2 an enviro stim (CS)

strong bodily response

a good US should evoke a

more intense

when body response is this, its easier 2 prod a CR

short-delayed conditioning

US starts just after the CS started ( CS still on)

long-delayed conditioning

US starts after the CS has been on for a while

trace conditioning

CS begins + ends before US is presented

simultaneous conditioning

CS + US begin and end together

backwards conditioning

US occurs first

multiple CS-US pairings

how we enhance acquisition, intense, aversive (unpleasnt) US can prod one-trial learning

short-delayed pairing

how we enhance acquisition, the interval between onset of CS + US is short

preparedness

species-species predisposition 2 be conditioned some specific way, usually due 2 evol adaptations

extinction

process in which CS is presented in absence of US, causes CR 2 weaken and disappear

spontaneous recovery

when a seemingly extinct CR reappears if the CS is presented again following delay or after extinction, usually somewhat weaker CR

conditioned excitor

conditioned stim that prod a conditioned response

safety signal

conditioned stim that lets us know a US is not coming

stimulus generalization

process where once a CS has been established, similar stim may also prod a CR

stimulus discrimination

process where we exhibit less pronounced CR to CS that differ from og CS, CR occurs 2 stim but not 2 another

higher order conditioning

an already conditioned stim (CS1) is paired with a neutral stim, CS1 becomes CS 4 for second round of conditioning + the 2nd neutral stim (CS2) comes 2 elicit conditioned response of its own

phobia

systematic densensitization, xtreme + irrational fear directed to something

sys desensitization

therapeutic tech based on pavlovian conditioning 2 lower fear response, exposure therapy

operant conditioning

learning ctrl by consequences of beh

EL thorndikes law of effect

if a response 2 a stim is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the bond between the stimulus + response will be strengthened

satisfaction

stamping in

discomfort

stamping out

skinner + the operant process

identified key processes in operant conditioning, created skinner box aka operant chamber

antecedent

something detectable in the enviro that set the occasion 2 respond

behavior

activity that can be repeated in the enviro that set the occassion 2 respond

consequences

stim that can increase or decrease probability of future beh

contingency

if - then rule, if u do this then that will happen

reinforcement

any outcome that strengthens prod of a response

punishment

any outcome that weakens prob of a response

positive

addition of consequence

negative

removal of consequence

escape beh

performance of beh terminates an aversive stim

avoidance beh

performance of beh prevents aversive stim from occurring

learned helplessness

exp an aversive situation u can’t ctrl prevents u from learning 2 ctrl other aversive situations

shaping

reinforce each response with the opportunity 2 perform the next responses, dev a sequence of behs

operant extinction

weakening + eventually disappearance of response cuz it is no longer followed by the prev consequence

extinction burst

beh effect of operant extinction, temp increase in responding

emotional + aggressive responding

beh effect of operant extinction, leads to responding eventual stop

discriminative stim

signal avail of reinforcement, can be any stim

reinforcer

stim/event following a beh that increases likelihood of that beh occurring in the future

primary

(unconditional) not learned

punisher

stim/event following a beh that decreases likelihood of that beh occurring in the future

continuous reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement, every “correct” response is reinforced, faster

partial reinforcement

schedule of reinforcement, only some correct responses are reinforced, slower

fixed

schedule of reinforcement, partial reinforcement, occurs after an avg # of responses or fixed time interval

variable

schedule of reinforcement, partial reinforcement, occurs after an avg # of responses or passage of time

ratio

schedule of reinforcement, partial reinforcement, certain % of responses are reinforced

interval

schedule of reinforcement, partial reinforcement, certain amount of time must elapse between reinforcements

bio preparedness

bio constraint, some events serve as better signals or conditional stim than others due 2 evol

latent learning

beh is learned but not demonstrated till reinforced

cog maps

mental reps created by mind + recalled 2 improve our ability 2 navigate our enviro

bandura + social learning

studied students 2 establish observational ;earning

social (observational) learning

we understand what 2 do by watching others

vicarious conditioning

occurs by an organism watching another organism (a model) be conditioned

attention

phase 1 of observational learning, learner watches trainer

retention

phase 2 of observational learning, trainer models response + learner thinks abt response

production

phase 3 of observational learning, learner demonstrates response without trainer modeling it

motivation

phase 4 of observational learning, learners imitated beh prod reinforcer

mirror neurons

activated by performing an action or by seeing another perform same action

memory

bio hard drive of info stored in our brain, collectively make up our individual identity

encoding

how info is initially learned, brain needs 2 overcome encoding problem 2 initiate process of bringing info into our memory (store it)

storage

maintaining info over time

retrieval

process involved in recovering info from memo 2prod a response

search metaphor

desc the process involved in memory using terms + phrases that relate 2 searching in phys or virtual space (relive, finding, etc.)

reconstruction metaphor

primarily use memo 2 put together a useful response using both what we know + the situation around us

flashbulb memos

9/11, certain memos better remembered, memos are often reconstructions based on available info, info at hand used 2 figure out what happened

modal memo model

sensory memory to immediate memory to long term memory. sys that keeps info translated by the sense briefly active in a relatively unaltered, unexamined form

iconic memo

vis form of sensory memo, icons

echoic memo

auditory form of sensory memo, echoes

immediate memo

sys that actively holds on 2 a lim amount of info so that it can be manipulated + processed, “contents of consciousness”, aka short term/working memo

short term memo

holds finite amount of new info 4 finite amount of time. info stored in hippocampus

visually

info storage in short term mem, images

phonologically

info storage in short term mem, sounds

semantically

info storage in short term mem, meaning

action

info storage in short term mem, motor patterns

working memo

lim capacity sys 4 storage + manipulation of info 4 complex tasks, holding info in active mem 2 “work on” it, info lasts abt 20 secs, rapidaly lost unless in use

central executive

attention, phological loop ( inner voice), episodic buffer (temp store), visual sketchpad (inner eye)

duration

how long a mem sys can contain info before its forgotten, as little as 3s we see a drop off, can persist as long as 20s

rep

kind of info a mem sys contains