HESI Abnormal Conditions

What are signs of cardiac or respiratory distress?

Diaphoresis, rubbing or clutching the chest, SOB, wheezing

What could a pt who has a stiff neck and head upon movement indicate?

Arthritis

What does a pt assuming the tripod position indicate?

Chronic pulmonary disease

What do the following signs in children indicate?

• Avoids eye contact

• No separation anxiety

• Caregiver is disgusted by child’s odor, sounds, drooling, or stools

Child abuse

Condition with enlarged head circumference

Hydrocephalus

Hunchback

Kyphosis

Condition with deficiency in growth hormone

Hypopituitary dwarfism

Condition with excessive growth hormone

Gigantism

A genetic disorder in converting cartilage to bone that results in normal trunk size but short arms and legs.

Achondroplastic dwarfism

Condition with excessive growth hormone secretion in adulthood

Acromegaly

Mental disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating and purging

Bulimia

Mental disorder characterized by extreme weight loss

Anorexia nervosa

Inherited connective tissue disorder characterized by tall, thin stature, hyperextendible joints, sternal deformity, high arched palate, and flat feet.

Marfan syndrome

Increase in BP due to anxiety from being in the presence of health care providers

White coat syndrome

Underweight BMI

<18.5

Normal BMI

18.5-24.9

Overweight BMI

25-29.9

Obese BMI

30-39.9

Extreme obese BMI

>40

Condition caused by caloric excess that refers to weight more than 20% above ideal body weight or body mass

Obesity

Condition caused by inadequate intake of protein and calories or prolonged starvation. Anorexia, bowel obstruction, cancer cachexia, and chronic illness can lead to this.

Marasmus

Condition caused by diet high in calories but little or no protein. Unlike marasmus, they may appear well nourished or obese

Kwashiokor

Condition caused by prolonged inadequate intake of protein and calories such as severe starvation and severe catabolic states. Usually individuals have undergone acute catabolic stress such as major surgery, trauma, or burns in combination with prolonged starvation or AIDS wasting. High risk for morbidity and mortality.

Marasmus/kwashiokor mix

Foamy plaques in the cornea that are a sign of vitamin A deficiency

Bitot spots

Condition children develop with vitamin D and calcium deficientcies

Rickets

Swollen, ulcerated, and bleeding gums due to vitamin C deficiency

Scorbutic gums

Pigmented keratonic lesions resulting from a deficiency of niacin. Prominent in areas exposed to the sun.

Pellagra

What deficiency does a magenta tongue indicate?

Riboflavin

Dry, bumpy skin associated with vitamin A and/or linoleic acid deficiency

Follicular hyperkeratosis

Absence of melanin pigment in patchy areas of white or light skin

Vitiligo

ABCDEF signs in a mole

Assymetry

Border

Color

Diameter

Elevation

Funny looking

Why might someone have pallor?

Shock, anemia

Why would someone with dark skin look ashen gray?

Arterial deficiency, anemia, shock

Why would someone have erythema?

Polycythemia, venous stasis, carbon monoxide poisoning, petechia, ecchymosis, hematoma

Why would someone have cyanosis?

Hypoxemia

Why would someone have jaundice?

Hepatitis, cirrhosis, sickle-cell disease, hemolytic disease of the newborn

Small, smooth, slightly raised bright red dots that commonly appear on the trunk. Not signifigant.

Cherry angiomas

What concern is raised for multiple bruises at different stages of healing or excessive bruising?

Abuse concerns

What condition is a pt assessed for using a Wood’s light?

Fungal infection on the scalp

Condition of excess body hair in females

Hirsutism

What does clubbing of nails indicate?

Heart and pulmonary diseases

What do pits, transverse grooves, or lines in the nails indicate?

Nutrient deficiency

What does poor turgor indicate?

Dehydration

Scaly, crusty scalp with seborrheic dermatitis in infant

Cradle cap

Thickened areas of pigmentation that look dark, greasy, and “stuck on”

Seborrheic keratosis

Most frequent premalignant skin lesion in whites. May have silvery white scale

Actinic keratosis

Arcochordons

Skin tags

Raised yellow papules with central depression, common in men.

Sebaceous hyperplasia

Vascular lesion caused by enlarged and dilated blood vessels that are visible on the skin surface

Telangiectasia

A blue-purple dilation of venules and capillaries in a star-shaped, linear, or flaring pattern. Pressure causes them to empty or disappear.

Venous lake

Tiny punctate hemorrhages, caused by bleeding in superficial capillaries.

Petechiae

Ecchymosis/contusion

Bruise

Confluent and extensive patch of petechiae and ecchymoses. Seen in disorders such as thrombocytopenia or coagulation disorders.

Purpura

Moist, thin roofed vesicles with thin erythematous base. Rupture to form erosions and thick, honey colored crusts. Highly contagious bacterial infection on the skin, common in infants and children.

Impetigo

Chronic inflammatory skin lesion caused by overstimulated immune system, genetics, and environmental triggers.

Eczema

Small tight vesicles that first appear on trunk and spread to face, arms, and legs. Intensely itchy

Chickenpox

Athletes’ Foot

Tinea pedis

immune-mediated chronic inflammatory skin disease with environmental triggers. Sharp margins, raised scaly erythematous patch, silvery itchy scales

Psoriasis

Small, grouped vesicles that emerge along route of cutaneous nerve pathways. Caused by varicella zoster virus

Herpes Zoster (shingles)

Disease characterized with “bulls-eye” rash, carried by deer tics.

Lyme disease

Most common form of skin cancer

Basal cell carcinoma

Skin cancer with erythematous scaly patch and sharp margins, central ulcer.

Squamous cell carcinoma

Skin cancer that can be brown, tan, black, pink-red, purple, or mixed with irregular borders

Malignant melanoma

Folliculitis barbae (common in blacks and latinos)

Razor burn

Red, hard, swollen, tender, pus-filled lesion caused by acute localized bacterial infection

Abscess

Intensely pruitic contagion caused by the scabies mite

Scabies

Transverse furrow or groove/depression in the nail. Occurs with trauma to the nail

Beau line

Red-brown linear streaks from damage to nail bed capillaries. Occur with systemic diseases, trauma, or sports-related injuries

Splinter hemorrages

Slow, persistent fungal infection of fingernails

Onychomycosis

Causes of lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes)

• Acute infection

• Chronic inflammation

What causes a bruit?

Turbulent blood flow

Premature closing of one or multiple cranial sutures reslting in a malformed head and cosmetic deformity

Craniosynostosis

Most common chromosomal condition. Head and face characteristics include upslanting eyes with inner epicanthal folds, single palmar crease

Down syndrome

Hematoma in one sternomastoid muscle, characterized in head tilt to one side

Congenital torticollis

Chronic enlargement of thyroid gland

Goiter

Smooth firm, fluctuant swelling on the scalp that contains sebum and keratin. Well-circumcised, benign growth

Pilar cyst

Rapid painful inflammation of the parotid occurs with mumps

Parotid gland enlargement

Autoimmune disease with increased production of thyroid hormone causes increased metabolic rate. Manifested by goiter, eyelid retraction, bulging eyeballs

Grave’s disease

Deficiency of thyroid hormone that reduces metabolic rate, causing nonpitting edema or myxedema. Symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, dry skin and hair

Myxedema (hypothyroidism)

Excessive secretion of ACTH and chronic steroid use develops a rounded “moonlike” face, prominent jowels, red cheeks, hirsutism, acne on chest

Cushing’s syndrome

Rapid of CN VII paralysis, usually unilateral

Bell Palsy

Deficiency of neurotransmitter dopamine. Characterized by “masklike” expressionless face

Parkinson syndrome

Decrease in vision accommodation with aging

Presbyopia

Disparity of the eye axis

Strabismus

Swollen and puffy eyelids

Periorbital edema

Protruding eyes

Exophthalmos

Suken eyes

Enophthalmos

Drooping eyelid

Ptosis

The lower eyelid is loose and rolling out

Ectropion

The lower eyelid rolls in

Entropion

Inflammation of the eyelid

Blepharitis

Infection and blockage of lacrimal sac

Dacrycystitis

Beady nodule protruding on the eyelid. Obstruction and inflammation of meibomian gland

Chalazion

Medical term for stye?

hordeolum

Eye cancer- presents as small, painless nodule with central ulceration and sharp, rolled out pearly edges

Basal cell cancer

Unequal pupil size

Aniscoria

Dilated and fixed pupils

Mydriasis