strategies for enhancement of food production

Enhancement of food production is necessary due to

Ever-increasing population

Biological principles applied in food production include

Animal husbandry and plant breeding

New techniques enhancing food production

Embryo transfer technology and tissue culture

Animal husbandry is

Breeding and raising livestock

Livestock includes

Buffaloes, cows, pigs, horses, cattle, sheep, camels, goats

Fisheries include

Rearing, catching and selling fish, molluscs and crustaceans

More than 70% of world livestock population is in

India and China

Contribution of India and China to world farm produce

25%

Low productivity means

Low yield per unit animal

Milk yield primarily depends on

Quality of breeds

Important criteria for dairy breed selection

High yield and disease resistance

Scientific cattle feeding emphasises

Quality and quantity of fodder

Hygiene during milking is important to

Prevent contamination

Poultry refers to

Domesticated fowl used for eggs or meat

Examples of poultry birds

Chicken, duck, turkey, geese

Bird flu is caused by

Virus

Animal breeding aims to

Increase yield and improve desirable qualities

Breed is

Group of animals related by descent and similar in characters

Inbreeding is

Mating of closely related individuals of same breed

Inbreeding increases

Homozygosity

Inbreeding exposes

Harmful recessive genes

Inbreeding depression leads to

Reduced fertility and productivity

Outbreeding is

Mating of unrelated animals

Outcrossing is

Mating within same breed without common ancestors for 4–6 generations

Cross-breeding is

Mating superior males of one breed with superior females of another

Example of cross-bred sheep

Hisardale

Hisardale developed by crossing

Bikaneri ewes × Marino rams

Interspecific hybridisation is

Mating of animals of two different species

Mule is produced by crossing

Male donkey × Female horse

Artificial insemination involves

Injecting collected semen into female reproductive tract

MOET stands for

Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology

MOET uses hormone with activity similar to

FSH

Superovulation produces

6–8 eggs per cycle

Embryos transferred at stage

8–32 cell stage

Genetic mother in MOET can undergo

Repeated superovulation

Apiculture is

Bee-keeping

Common honeybee species in India

Apis indica

Beeswax is used in

Cosmetics and polishes

Bees increase crop yield by

Enhancing pollination

Fishery involves

Catching, processing and selling aquatic animals

Freshwater fishes example

Catla, Rohu, Common carp

Marine fishes example

Hilsa, Sardine, Mackerel, Pomfret

Aquaculture is

Rearing of aquatic plants and animals

Pisciculture is

Rearing of fish

Blue Revolution relates to

Fish production

Green Revolution was based largely on

Plant breeding techniques

Plant breeding is

Purposeful manipulation of plant species

Recorded evidence of plant breeding dates back to

9000–11000 years ago

Germplasm collection is

Entire collection of plants/seeds with diverse alleles

Root of breeding programme

Genetic variability