APUSH U4 ID LIST

Hartford Convention (1814–1815)

A meeting of New England Federalists who opposed the War of 1812 and discussed constitutional amendments to limit federal power; the convention's perceived disloyalty weakened the Federalist Party.

Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)

An accord between the U.S. and Britain to limit naval armaments on the Great Lakes, reflecting improved relations post-war.

Tariff of 1816

The first protective tariff in U.S. history, designed to shield American industries from British competition after the War of 1812.

American System

Henry Clay's economic plan promoting a strong banking system, protective tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements to unify and strengthen the national economy.

Era of Good Feelings

A period of political unity and national purpose during James Monroe's presidency, marked by the decline of the Federalist Party and the rise of nationalism.

Panic of 1819

The first major financial crisis in the U.S., caused by speculative lending practices and a drop in agricultural prices, leading to widespread foreclosures and unemployment.

Land Act of 1820

Legislation that reduced the price of federal land, encouraging westward expansion and settlement.

Tallmadge Amendment (1819)

A proposal to prohibit the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and to emancipate children born to enslaved parents there, sparking debates over slavery's expansion.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

An agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance in Congress and prohibiting slavery north of the 36°30′ parallel in the Louisiana Territory.

Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onís Treaty) (1819)

An agreement in which Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

A U.S. policy declaring opposition to European colonization and interference in the Americas, asserting a sphere of influence in the Western Hemisphere.

"Forging the National Economy (1790–1860)".

"Self-Reliance" (1841)

An essay by Ralph Waldo Emerson promoting individualism and personal independence, reflecting the American spirit of the era.

Rendezvous System

A fur-trading network where trappers and traders met annually in the Rocky Mountains to exchange goods, central to the American fur trade.

Ecological Imperialism

A term describing the overexploitation of Western natural resources through activities like hunting, logging, and grazing.

Ancient Order of Hibernians

An Irish semi-secret society that provided support to Irish immigrants facing discrimination in America.

Molly Maguires

A secret organization of Irish miners in Pennsylvania who used violence to protest poor working conditions in the 1860s and 1870s.

Tammany Hall

A powerful New York political machine that drew support from immigrants, particularly the Irish, offering patronage in exchange for votes.

Know-Nothing Party (American Party)

A nativist political party in the 1850s that opposed immigration and Catholic influence in the U.S.

Awful Disclosures (1836)

A sensational book by Maria Monk alleging abuses in Catholic convents, fueling anti-Catholic sentiment.

Cotton Gin (1793)

An invention by Eli Whitney that revolutionized cotton processing, bolstering the Southern economy and slavery.

Interchangeable Parts

A manufacturing system developed by Eli Whitney that allowed for mass production and easier assembly of products.

Limited Liability

A legal principle that protects investors by limiting their financial responsibility to the amount invested in a company.

Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)

A Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that legalized labor unions and their right to strike.

Factory System

A method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labor, centralizing production in factories.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid industrial growth and technological innovation that transformed economies and societies.

Patent Office

A government bureau that grants patents, encouraging innovation by protecting inventors' rights.

Cult of Domesticity

A prevailing value system that emphasized women's roles within the home as caretakers and moral guardians.

McCormick Reaper (1831)

A mechanical device invented by Cyrus McCormick that revolutionized agriculture by speeding up grain harvesting.

Turnpike

A toll road, such as the Lancaster Turnpike, that improved transportation and commerce in the early 19th century.

Erie Canal (Completed 1825)

A canal connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean, significantly boosting trade and settlement in the Midwest.

Clipper Ships

Fast sailing ships of the mid-19th century that enhanced global trade, especially in perishable goods.

Pony Express (1860–1861)

A mail service delivering messages across the U.S. using relays of horse riders, known for its speed and efficiency.

Transportation Revolution

A period marked by significant improvements in transportation infrastructure, including roads, canals, and railroads, facilitating economic growth.

Market Revolution

The transformation of the U.S. economy from subsistence farming to a national network of industry and commerce.

Samuel Slater

Known as the "Father of the American Factory System," he brought British textile technology to America, initiating the industrial revolution.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin and proponent of interchangeable parts, significantly impacting manufacturing and agriculture.

Elias Howe

Inventor of the sewing machine, which revolutionized the garment industry.

Isaac Singer

Improved upon Howe's sewing machine design, making it more practical for home use.

Samuel F. B. Morse

Inventor of the telegraph and Morse code, transforming long-distance communication.

Cyrus McCormick

Inventor of the mechanical reaper, which greatly increased agricultural productivity.

Robert Fulton

Developed the first commercially successful steamboat, enhancing river transportation.

DeWitt Clinton

Governor of New York who championed the construction of the Erie Canal, linking the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean.

Catharine Beecher

Advocate for women's education and proponent of the "cult of domesticity," emphasizing women's roles in the home.

Carl Schurz

German immigrant and political reformer who opposed slavery and advocated for civil service reform.

Cotton Kingdom

Refers to the Southern states where cotton farming was dominant, heavily reliant on slave labor, and central to the global textile industry.

Planter Aristocracy

The wealthy elite in the South who owned large plantations and numerous slaves, wielding significant political and social influence.

Oligarchy

A form of government where power resides with a small, elite segment of society; in the South, this was the planter class.

"Poor White Trash"

A derogatory term for impoverished white Southerners who did not own slaves and often lived in substandard conditions.

Free Blacks

African Americans who were not enslaved; they faced significant discrimination and had limited rights, especially in the South.

American Colonization Society

Founded in 1817, it aimed to transport free African Americans to Africa, leading to the establishment of Liberia.

Liberia

A West African nation established in the 1820s for freed African American slaves, with its capital, Monrovia, named after President James Monroe.

The Liberator

An abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831, advocating for the immediate emancipation of all slaves.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Established in 1833 by Garrison and others, it promoted the abolition of slavery throughout the United States.

Gag Resolution

A series of congressional resolutions in the 1830s and 1840s that automatically tabled anti-slavery petitions, preventing debate on them.

"Positive Good" Theory

A pro-slavery argument asserting that slavery was beneficial for both slaves and slaveholders, providing order and civilization.

William Lloyd Garrison

A prominent abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer, best known for founding The Liberator and co-founding the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Frederick Douglass

An escaped slave who became a leading abolitionist, orator, and writer, authoring Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass.

Sojourner Truth

An African American abolitionist and women's rights activist, known for her speech "Ain't I a Woman?" delivered at a women's convention in 1851.

Nat Turner

An enslaved preacher who led a violent slave rebellion in Virginia in 1831, resulting in stricter slave laws and heightened tensions.

Theodore Dwight Weld

A fervent abolitionist who co-authored American Slavery As It Is, a collection of firsthand accounts of slavery's brutality.

Elijah P. Lovejoy

An abolitionist newspaper editor who was killed by a mob in Illinois, becoming a martyr for the anti-slavery cause.

David Walker

An African American abolitionist who published Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, urging slaves to fight for their freedom.

John Quincy Adams

Former president and congressman who vehemently opposed the gag rule and fought for the right to discuss slavery in Congress.

Wendell Phillips

A leading abolitionist known for his eloquent speeches and unwavering commitment to ending slavery.