physio psych st. john's 14 15 16

brief, driven by external stimuli that provoke action

emotion

brief, driven by internal stimuli, and allow for a conscious awareness of a situation

feelings

can have a much longer duration driven by both internal and external stimuli. effects how we process a situation

mood

what are the two major components of emotion

physical sensation (heart rate)

conscious, subjective feeling (scared)

the overall positive or negative quality of an emotion

valence

difference between moods and emotion

moods are longer lasting

if we evolved the capacity to experience and express emotions, emotions must have served some ___________ function

adaptive

the theory that a person's physical state provides cues for the identification of an emotional state

"bottom up -- body then brain"

james-lange theory

the theory that subjective and physical responses occur simultaneously and independently

"top-down -- brain then body"

cannon-bard theory

theory that the visceral and the cognitive evaluations of such stimulus contribute to the emotional response

schachter-singer theory of emotion

where does the flight or flight responses come from

hypothalamus

this nervous system produces different patterns of arousal during different emotional states

automatic nervous system

the ANS has stronger responses to ________ states

negative

the 7 primal emotional states

seeking, care, play, lust

fear, anger, sadness

the 4 directions of a valence emotion graph

clockwise

high arousal, pleasure, low arousal, displeasure

babies prefer staring at faces that are gazing back at them. T or F?

true

where do facial nerves originate

either side of the midline in the pons

facial nuclei do not communicate with each other, so it is possible for emotional expression to vary in intensity from one half of our _____ to the other

faces

which hemisphere is more active in emotional perception, especially of negative emotions

right

individuals with greater activity in left hemisphere tend to be more __________; right hemisphere more cautious, prone to unpleasant emotions

extraverted

brain responses are well described as

dimensions of emotions?

or

discrete categories?

dimensions of emotions

can physical actions impact feelings of emotion?

yes. (easier to feel anger whole standing rather than lying down)

which groupings of nerves affect facial expression

trigeminal (5) and facial (7)

input from the primary motor cortex is responsible for _______ ________.

voluntary expression

input from the subcortical system is responsible for _______________ __________

spontaneous expression

the facial nuclei receive input from ____ pathways

2

people with damage to the primary motor cortex are unable to ______ on command on the side of the mouth contralateral to their damage

smile

when a person suffers damage to areas in one hemisphere, the ability to express emotion in the _________ lower face will be reduced

contralateral

the ability to express voluntary emotion is impaired.

people with this condition can spontaneously smile on their paralyzed side of the face

voluntary facial paresis

we rarely identify someone's emotion from facial expression alone. t or f?

true

which parts of our brain identify stimuli and arousal

amygdala and insula

damage to the amygdala reduces ___________

emotionality

_______ distinguishes between positive and negative stimuli

insula

neurological disorder caused by bilateral damage to the temporal lobes (amydala) causing

not feeling fear

seizures

inapproraite licking

hyperintense sex drive

kluver-bucy syndrome

rare genetic condition that causes calcium to accumulate in the amygdala until it wastes away

people with this disease cannot feel fear

urbach-wiethe disease

which body part recognizes conscious, cognitive appraisals of threat

anterior cingulate cortex

the core region of the limbic sensory cortex

insula

the _____ represents the body's internal state

insula

anger, sadness, elation, disgust, sexual arousal, and anxiety all concern themselves with which part of the insula

whole body sensations

anterior insula

pain, temperature, fatigue, itch, pressure, and tension all cocnern themselves with what part of the insula?

basic visceral sensations

posterior insula

a test that studies decision making using cards... the task was developed to detect impaired judgement in patients with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex

iowa gambling task

an unpleasant and distruptive state resulting from the perception of danger or threat

stress

sources of stress

stressors

once danger has been perceived and identified, are the reactions that ensue afterwards predictable?

yes

short-term stress is actually harmful. true or false?

false

general adaptation syndrome

when the stressor is first perceived

alarm stage

general adaptation syndrome

stressful situation continues past this initial alarm stage

resistance stage

`general adaptation syndrome

strength and energy are at very low levels

exhaustion stage

two systems respond to stress messages to the hypothalamus

this system causes epinephrine to release from adrenal glands

sympathetic adrenal-medullary (SAM)

two systems respond to stress messages to the hypothalamus

which system produces immediate flight-or-fight responses

sympathetic adrenal-medullary

two systems respond to stress messages to the hypothalamus

system that releases corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and vasopressin

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)

which hormone stimulates release of cortisol

ACTH

which body part inhibits CRH release in response to high cortisol levels

hippocampus

the HPA is _____ in onset to response to stressor than the SAM is

slower

associated chemical of HPA

cortisol

associated chemical of SAM

epinephrine, norepinephrine

HPA ________ our immune system

suppresses

HPA _________ our immune system

enhances

the intentional initiation of hostile or destructive acts toward another individual

aggression

this type of aggression is premediated, goal-directed, unemotional

predatory (cold) aggression

this type of aggression is not premeditated and is associated with emotions of anger/fear

impulsive (hot) aggression

___________ ________ and the ACC inhibit aggressive "drives" from subcortical structures (amygdala)

prefrontal cortex.

removal of cerebral cortex produces ____ ___

sham rage

in sham rage, animals act enraged but do not actually experience the said fear/anger, as this requires a function _______ _____

cerebral cortex

what 2 cortices inhibit aggression

anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal

This cortex is associated with _________ _____ and verbal threats

physical intimidation

frontal activation _______ in impulse aggression but not in premeditated aggression

lowers

genotypes associated with violence also increase risk of ________

alcoholism

alcohol ______ the inhibition of aggression

reduces

prenatal exposure to _______ is correlated with higher aggressiveness

testosterone

low levels of serotonin predict higher aggressiveness or lower aggressiveness?

higher

________ inhibits violence, so low levels of it predict aggressiveness

serotonin

our ability to understand the intentions and behavior of other people

social cognition

social cognition involves both emotional networks that support _____ and cognitive networks supporting ____ ___ ____

empathy, theory of mind

the ability to perceive and understand the mental state of others, and to recognize that they differ from our own

theory of mind

the ability to predict the thoughts of another person

first order theory of mind

the ability to understand what a third person would think about the second person's thoughts

second order theory of mind

how do researchers identify the development of the theory of mind in a child

the sally-anne task

false belief test

do other species besides humans have informational theory of mind ? (the type that sally-anne tests on)

no

a special sub-field within psychology that seeks to understand and treat patients with various cognitive and/or affective impairments

neuropsychology

who assesses and treats the physical consequences of disease or injury of neuropsychology

neurologist, neurosurgeon

the ___________ assesses and treats the cognitive consequences of disease and injury

neuropsychologist

who would assess the soldier's cognitive functioning and provide rehabiliation for changes in attention span and working memory?

the neuropsychologist

a sudden-onset cerebrovascular event that causes brain damage

stroke

bleeding in the brain

cerebral hemorrhage

disruption of the blood supply

cerebral ischemia

an obstruction (blood clot, debris)

ischemia

third leading cause of death and most common cause of adult disability

stroke

swelliing of the blood wall that causes cerebral hemorrhage

aneurysm

temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain causing sudden, temporary stroke-like symptoms that usually last 1-2 hours (rarely over 24) without permanent damage. It is a critical warning sign of an impending major stroke

transient ischemic attacks

formation of a blood clot that turns into a blood vessel that is attached to the wall

thrombosis

when a blood vessel moves into the bloodstream (pulmonary)

embolism

obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue, typically by a thrombus or embolus, causing local death of the tissue.

infarction

technique used by the body where a mild non-lethal ischemic episode can induce resistance to a subsequent severe ischemic injury in the brain

ischemic tolerance

is hemorrhagic strokes associated with hypertension?

yes

are hemorrhagic strokes associated with arteriorvenous malformations?

yes

causes of ________ are high blood pressure and vascular abnoramalities

hemorrhage

causes of ____ are arterioschlerosis and blood clots

ischemia

hemorrhages are frequently ____, while ischemias causing infarctions

fatal

the most abundant neurotransmitter

glutamate