Biology 210 Final

Chapters 1-16

Information Flow of Bio System

DNA, RNA, Protein

Properties of Life

Evolution, Order, Sensitivity, Reproduction/Growth/Development, Adaptation, Homeostasis, Energy Processing

Evolution

process of gradual change in a population over time

Order

organisms are highly organized and coordinated structures

Sensitivity/Response to stimuli

ability to respond to positive/negative stimuli

Reproduction, Growth and Development

creation of new cells, increase in size or stage due to DNA

Adaptation

organisms change to fit their environment

Regulation/Homeostasis

maintaining stable conditions

Energy Processing

sourcing energy for metabolic activities

3 Domains of Life

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Bacteria

Prokaryotes (lack intracellular organelles)

Archaea

Prokaryotes that are able to live in extreme conditions

Eukarya

eukaryotes (cells with a membrane, a nucleus, and organelles)

Cell hierarchy (smallest to largest)

atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population/community, ecosystem, biosphere

Major Elements of Life

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

Nuclear Symbol Notation

• Atomic # = number of protons

• Mass # = Protons + neutrons

Octet Rule

Atoms are more stable with 8 valence electrons in outermost cell

Location of Protons and Neutrons

nucleus

Location of Electrons

orbitals

Covalent Bond

Sharing of electrons

• Polar (different electronegativity) and Nonpolar (similar electronegativity)

Ionic Bond

Donation of electron to another atom

Hydrogen Bond

Hydrogen (partial positive) bonds to N, O, or F

• found in DNA

Van Der Waals Interactions

weakest bond, depends on electron density flunctuations

Water Chemical Properties

• Good Solvent due to polarity

• High heat capacity and heat of vaporization

• Neutral pH

Carbon

• backbone of macromolecules

• Saturated (single bond)

• Unsaturated (double/triple bond)

Geometric Isomer

atom arrangement around C=C bond

Trans arrangement

linear backbone (packed tightly)

Cis arrangement

bent backbone (packed loosely)

Enantiomers

L-amino (protein) and D-glucose (photosynthesis)

Dehydration Synthesis

• Monomer + Monomer = Polymer + H2O

  • Lose water to combine monomers

Hydrolysis

• Polymer + H2O = Monomer + Monomer

  • split water to form monomers

Monomer of Nucleic Acid

Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate and base)

Purines

A & G (double ring base)

Pyrimidines

T, U, & C (single ring base)

DNA

• genetic material of life

• Double helix

  • directionality (5’ to 3’ or 3’ to 5’)

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

• Involved in protein synthesis

  • U instead of T

Complementary Base Pairing Practice:

5’ AAGGTTCCATCG 3’

3’ TTCCAAGGTAGC 5’

Types of RNA

• In protein synthesis

  • mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

• Gene regulation

  • microRNA

Proteins

Molecules of work

• digestive, transport, structural, hormones, defense, contractile, storage

Amino Acids

• Protein monomer

• Central carbon, amino group, hydrogen, and carboxyl group)

• 20 amino acids w/ side chain R

  • Dehydration synthesis: amino acid = proteins w/ peptide bond

Primary Protein Structure

• Insulin

• 2 polypeptide chains and 3 disulfide bonds

Secondary Protein Structure

• Folding

• Hydrogen Bonds

Tertiary Protein Structure`

• Hydrogen bond & ionic bond

  • Hydrophobic

Quaternary Protein Structure

• Polypeptide subunit interaction

Protein denaturation

Unfolding of protein structure

• heat, pH, solvents or agitation

Carbohydrates

• Energy storage and structural support

• Formula:

  • (CH2O)N

    • N = # carbon atoms

Monosaccharides

• building blocks of carbohydrates

• Linear or rings

  • glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose

Disaccharides

• formed by a glycosidic bond (strong covalent) between monosaccharides

• Maltose, lactose and sucrose

Polysaccharides

• Multiple monosaccharides bonded

  • Starch (plant storage)

  • Cellulose (most abundant in plant cell walls)

  • Glycogen (animal storage)

  • Chitin (contains nitrogen and is found in exoskeletons)

Lipids

• Fats & Oils (glycerol + fatty acid)

• Waxes (long fatty acid chain + long alcohol chain)

• Phospholipids (in cell membrane)

• Steroids (4 carbon ring + tail)

Saturated fatty Acid

• Carbon single bond (C-C)

• tightly packed

• Solid @ room temp

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

• Carbon double bond (C=C)

• Loosely packed

• Liquid @ room temp

Essential fatty acid

• NOT made by the body

• Omega 3 & Omega 6

Cholesterol

• Precursor to hormones & vitamin D

• Essential to the phospholipid bilayer

Bacteria/Archaea Cell Structure

• Flagellum

• Pili

Animal Cell Structure

• Lysosome

• Centrosome

Plant Cell Structure

• Cell wall

• Central Vacuole

• Chloroplast

• Plasmodesmata

Plasma Membrane

• Phospholipid Bilayer

• Folds increase cell absorption

Cytoplasm

• Cytosol (fluid of the cell) + organelles

Ribosome

• Site of protein synthesis (found in ER)

Nucleus, Nucleoplasm, & Nuclear Envelope

• Contain DNA

  • Nucleolus - site of ribosome biogenesis

Chromosomes

• Made of DNA = condensed chromatin

  • Chromatin (unwound protein-chromosomes)

Centrosome

• 9 microtubule triplets

  • Help with cell division

Lysosome

Acidic organelle that breaks down macromolecules (garbage disposal)

Peroxisome

• Detoxification

• Oxidize fatty acids and amino acids

  • Produce and break down hydrogen peroxide

Mitochondria

• Site of ATP Synthesis

• Has own DNA and ribosomes

Chloroplast

• only in plants

• contain chlorophyll pigments for photosynthesis

• has own DNA and ribosomes