Anthropology 170 Lecture Final

A genotype is:

The genetic makeup of an individual.

Which of the following people was the FIRST to formally propose that species could go extinct?

Cuvier

Which of the following was NOT part of the European world view prior to the scientific revolution?

The Sun was the center of the solar system and all the planets rotated around it

Which of the following is NOT required for natural selection to occur?

A built-in drive for perfection

In the human ABO blood groups, the A and B alleles are codominant and O is recessive. If a woman who is blood type A and a man who is blood type B have a child and they are both homozygous, what is the probability that the child will have type A blood?

0%

Who of the following definitely DID NOT influence Darwin's thinking when he developed the theory of Natural Selection:

Weinberg

In the humans, the presence of mid-digital hair is coded for by the "M" allele, which is dominant. Its absence is due to the recessive "m" allele. A child is born with mid-digital hair, and both of his parents have it. What are the genotypes of the parents? (You may want to use a Punnett's Square to help you solve this question)

All of the above are possible.

(Mother Mm; Father MM-Mother MM; Father Mm-Mother: MM; Father MM-Mother: Mm; Father Mm)

Carolus Linnaeus contributed to evolutionary thought by:

Developing a hierarchical system for classifying species based on certain observed, shared characteristics

Mendel's principle of independent assortment states that:

That different traits are inherited separately, the inheritance of one trait (such as stem length) does not effect the inheritance of another (such as pea color)

Based on the following DNA template (=coding) strand, and using the genetic code below (which uses mRNA codons), which of the choices is the correct sequence of amino acids?CTA AAG AGT ACC CTG CTA

ASP PHE SER TRY ASP ASP stop

A mutation is:

When an error occurs during DNA replication resulting in a different sequence of bases

When an amino acid is replaced with a different amino acid

Based on the following DNA template (=coding) strand, which of the choices is the correct mRNA codon strand:

CGA AAT CTC TTC GGA AAA CCT

GCU UUA GAG AAG CCU UUU GGA

Which of the following structures is present in all known cells: Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Cell Membrane, DNA

All of the other answers are present in all known cells

Which of the following types of cells does not result from Meiosis? Skin cells, Haploid cells, Sperm Cells, Gametes, Egg Cells

Skin cells

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding mitosis: It results in daughter cells that are diploid, It results in genetically non-identical daughter cells, All of the other answers are true, It includes two rounds of cell division, It is the process by which gametes are produced

It results in daughter cells that are diploid

A particular protein sequence has the normal amino acid sequence of tyrosine-tryptophan-glycine. A point mutation occurs in the template (=coding) strand of the DNA and the sequence changes to tyrosine-glycine-glycine. Use the genetic code below to determine which nucleotide in the template strand of DNA experienced the point mutation, and which base was changed

U to G at the 2nd codon at the 1st base

The human karyotype contains:

22 pairs of autosomes

The structure of DNA makes two primary functions possible, these are:

Storage and transfer of information.

A population of humans has the following genotype frequencies:

EE .25, Ee .5, ee .25

Is this population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Yes

In observing your pea plants, you notice that tall pea plants are more likely to pollinate other tall plants and short ones and other short ones. This is an example of:

Positive assortive mating

Which of the following evolutionary forces acts to reduce variation within populations but increase it among populations?

Genetic Drift

Remember the Hardy-Weinberg formula, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. For pea plants, the "T" allele is dominant and codes for tall stems, and the "t" allele is recessive and codes for short stems. In a population of pea plants, the frequency of the "T" allele is 0.8 or 80%. What will the genotype frequencies be in the next generation?

64% TT, 32% Tt, 4% tt

You are a dog breeder. After breeding multiple generations of dogs that have only expressed genotypes for brown and black fur, you notice a new puppy with purple fur. This is an example of:

Mutation

The effect of natural selection on a population is to:

Decrease the frequency of unfavorable alleles

Remember the Hardy-Weinberg formula, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. PTC tasters have the dominant form of the trait which is carried by T. In a specific population of people, 51% are PTC tasters. Use the Hardy-Weinberg formula to estimate the genotype frequencies in this population and choose the best possible answer.

TT 9%, Tt 42%, tt 49%

In humans, having "Free" earlobes is the dominant form of earlobes, caused by the "E" allele, and "Attached" earlobes are the recessive form, noted "e". If the genotype frequencies in a population are EE: 12%, Ee. 60%, ee: 28%. What is the frequency of the "Free" phenotype?

72%

Which of these statements about Gene Flow is TRUE?

Gene Flow increases variation within a population

Gene Flow does not necessarily make a population more adapted to its environment

All of the above.

Gene Flow opposes the effects of genetic drift

Gene Flow decreases variation between different populations

All of the above

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg model?

No migration is occurring

Natural selection is not acting on the population

Mating is random

Mutation is occurring

Population is of infinite size

Mutation is occurring

All of the following features are present in all vertebrates EXCEPT:

All of the above are present in all known vertebrates

Cranium housing brain and special sense organs

Notochord

Bilateral symmetry

Jaws

Jaws

Which of the following is an example of a binomial?

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Orrorin tugenensis

Homo sapiens

All of the above.

Ardipithecus kadaba

All of the above

Which of the following is NOT one of the primate adaptations to life in the trees as suggested by the arboreal hypothesis?

Generalized skeleton with retention of many elements.

Opossable first digits.

Nursing the offspring with milk.

Orthograde posture.

Heightened sense of sight with binocular vision.

Nursing the offspring with milk.

What are the three main types of mammals?

Placentals, Monotremes, and Marsupials

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Convergent evolution occurs when two groups of organisms are similar because they have each independently evolved those similarities.

An adaptive radiation is when many unrelated species all go extinct during the same short time interval.

Extinction occurs when there are no surviving individuals of a species.

An evolutionary trend is when directional change occurs over a long period of time.

Allopatric speciation occurs when a geographic barrier isolates once continuous populations, which then diverge from one another

An adaptive radiation is when many unrelated species all go extinct during the same short time interval

Using the biological species concept, a species is:

A group of interbreeding population of organisms isolated from other such groups.

Compared to other mammals, primates are characterized by

Relatively simple molar morphology

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Bird wings and bat wings are not homologous as vertebrate forelimbs.

Bird wings and bat wings are homologous as airfoils.

Bird wings and bat wings are analogous as airfoils.

All of the above are TRUE.

Bird wings and bat wings are not analogous as vertebrate forelimbs.

Bird wings and bat wings are analogous as airfoils.

Which of the following is NOT an agent of accumulation that might have contributed to the formation of a fossil assemblage?

A river

Humans

Decomposers (e.g. fungi or bacteria)

Carnivores (e.g. hyenas or leopards)

A cave

Decomposers (e.g. fungi or bacteria)

All of the following features are shared by Old World monkeys and apes, EXCEPT:

Only 2 premolars in each quadrant

Fully closed orbits

Bilophodont molars

Color vision

A tubular ectotympanic bone

Bilophodont molars

Which of the following statements about the fossil record is FALSE?

Fossils are mostly found in erosive environments.

In terrestrial settings it favors the preservation of small, jungle dwelling species.

It provides a biased sample of past life on earth.

Fossil collections are non-random samples of organisms from ancient ecosystems.

Teeth are common.

In terrestrial settings it favors the preservation of small, jungle dwelling species.

Which of the following primates is a haplorrhine?

Tarsier

Lemur

None of the above

Loris

Galago

Tarsier

Platyrhines are found in which of the following geographic regions:

South America

SE Asia

Madagascar

India

Africa

South America

14C decays to 14N with a half-life of 5,715 years. A sample that you know began with 100 g of 14C now has 25 g of 14C and 75 g of 14N. How much time has passed?

11,430 years

The fundamental stratigraphic principle known as the "cross-cutting relationship" suggests that the structure that cuts is _______ than the structure that is cut across.

Younger

Platyrrhines have:

Three premolars on both sides of each jaw

Which of the following statements about hominoid evolution is FALSE?

Hominoids first spread to Eurasia ca. 17 Ma.

Appear in East Africa by approximately 17 Ma.

Most genera go extinct by the end of the Miocene (5 Ma).

Even in the Miocene, cercopithecoids were much more diverse than hominoids.

The gibbons have an extensive fossil record, begging 15 Ma in Africa.

Even in the Miocene, cercopithecoids were much more diverse than hominoids.

Which of the following statements about Miocene Paleoclimate is TRUE?

The Mediterranean Basin became closed off and dried out approximately 5 Ma.

Climate became generally warmer after approximately 14 Ma.

Forests generally expanded during the later part of the Miocene.

Africa remained an island continent throughout the Miocene due to high sea levels.

The Early Miocene was generally colder than the preceeding period, the Oligocene, due to global cooling at the end of the Oligocene, ca. 26 Ma.

The Mediterranean Basin became closed off and dried out approximately 5 Ma.

All of the following statements about Propliopithecids are true, EXCEPT:

2-1-2-3 dental formula.

Fully formed bony orbit with post-orbital plate.

Fused mandibular symphysis.

They are known from Asia.

All of the above statements are true.

They are known from Asia.

Which of the following statements about the Earth's climate during the Paleocene and Eocene is FALSE?

Temperatures were decreasing up until 52 Ma, but then began to warm after that.

It was significantly warmer than today.

The poles lacked permanent ice sheets.

Tropical forest vegetation occurred in far northern latitudes.

Primates were present in North America and Europe.

Temperatures were decreasing up until 52 Ma, but then began to warm after that.

Which of the following traits do the Euprimates share with at least some of the "archaic" primates?

Postorbital bar

Some specialized anatomical features of the ankle.

Large brains.

Large procumbent central incisor.

Large diastema behind the incisors.

Some specialized anatomical features of the ankle.

A major catarrhine adaptive radiation occurred in East Africa between 25-20 Ma that included all of the following groups EXCEPT:

Plesiadapiforms

Hominoids

Dendropithecids

Proconsulids

Cercopithecoids

Plesiadapiforms

Which of the following statements about Proconsul, and the family Proconsulidae, is TRUE:

Known from the Fayum.

Known only from Asia.

Skeletal adaptations for ape-like suspensory arboreal locomotion.

Relatively small, strepsirhine type brain.

May be the earliest known hominoids.

May be the earliest known hominoids.

Which of the following statements about the Adapidae is FALSE?

They are known from the Eocene.

They are known from deposits in North America.

The earliest forms had a 2-1-4-3 dental formula.

They lacked a dental comb.

They had claws on all of their digits.

They had claws on all of their digits.

The site of Aramis is where the partial skeleton and many other fossils of Ardipithecus ramidus have been recovered. Which of the following statements about Aramis is TRUE?

It is of unknown geological age.

Among large mammal fossils colobine monkeys and tragelaphin bovids predominate.

Fossils found there show evidence for high levels of geological transport.

The micromammal fossils seem to indicate a savanna environment.

The nearby site of Gona seems to represent a more wooded habitat than Aramis.

Among large mammal fossils colobine monkeys and tragelaphin bovids predominate.

All of the following features distinguish humans from apes, EXCEPT:

Use of symbolic language.

Larger relative brain size.

Bipedalism.

Tooth size decreased, especially the anterior teeth.

Opposable thumbs.

Opposable thumbs.

Bipedalism in humans is characterized by:

A big-toe (hallux) that is adducted

Which of the following statements about our current understanding of Ardipithecus ramidus paleobiology is correct?

It had a high level of male-male competition.

It made and used stone tools.

It had a diet mostly based on savanna foods such as grass.

It was a quadruped when moving arboreally.

It had a fully modern, striding, bipedal gait.

It was a quadruped when moving arboreally.

Which of the following features supports position of Ardipithecus ramidus as hominin?

Anteriorly positioned foramen magnum

Ape-like deciduous P3

Fully opposable big toe

Long digits on the hands and feet

Small brain size, approximately 325 cc

Anteriorly positioned foramen magnum

Ardipithecus ramidus is known from which of the following geographic regions?

East Africa.

Which of the following statements about Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Orrorin tugenensis, and Ardipithecus kadaba is FALSE?

All of the above.

All three forms may actually be the same genus, for which the name Ardipithecus has priority.

It is possible that none of them are hominins.

All three genera may actually be different from one

All of the same skeletal parts are known for all three.

All of the same skeletal parts are known for all three.

The pelves of modern human males and females can be more easily distinguished than those of apes. This is a consequence of:

Large human brainsize.

Which of the following statements regarding the implications of the Taung child is TRUE?

A large brain had evolved sooner than bipedalism.

Australopithecus africanus at Taung was found with stone tools.

Human first evolved in Europe.

Bipedalism appears earlier in the fossil record than large brains.

The dating at Taung was very secure, unlike other South African hominin sites.

Bipedalism appears earlier in the fossil record than large brains.

Which of the following statements about the human fossil record is TRUE?

The first evidence for the human lineage comes from approximately 6 Ma.

The earliest human fossils show at least some evidence for bipedalism.

The earliest human fossils are all known from Africa.

All of the currently recognized earliest human fossils were described in the first few years of this century.

All of the above.

All of the above.

Which of the following hominins is known from South Africa?

Australopithecus afarensis

Homo neanderthalensis

Paranthropus boisei

Australopithecus africanus

Australopithecus bahrelgazali

Australopithecus africanus

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Australopithecus is probably ancestral to Ardipithecus.

Australopithecus bahrelgazali may not be a separate species from A. afarensis, but a geographic variant.

Australopithecus is most likely ancestral to Paranthropus.

Kenyanthropus platyops may be a taphonomically distorted specimen of Australopihtecus.

Australopithecus anamensis may not be a separate species from A. afarensis, but instead an earlier chrono-subspecies.

Australopithecus is probably ancestral to Ardipithecus.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?:

The masseter muscle has its maximum mechanical advantage on the anterior teeth.

Large molar teeth are related to a large, anteriorly positioned, sagittal crest.

A larger temporal fossa implies a larger temporalis muscle.

An anteriorly positioned zygomatic arch increases the leverage of the masseter muscle.

The posterior portion of the temporalis muscle has maximum mechanical leverage on the incisor teeth.

The masseter muscle has its maximum mechanical advantage on the anterior teeth.

Which of the following features is shared by Paranthropus boisei and P. robustus to the exclusion of P. aethiopicus?

All of the above.

Large molar teeth.

Orthognathic face.

Large anterior dentition.

Sagittal crest in males.

Orthognathic face

Which of the following statements regarding Australopithecus africanus is TRUE?:

It had a low level of sexual dimorphism similar to modern humans.

It has been found in East Africa.

Australopithecus afarensis is a possible descendent.

A. africanus has greater postorbital constriction than A. afarensis.

It has thicker molar enamel than A. afarensis, and its P3 is not sectorial.

It has thicker molar enamel than A. afarensis, and its P3 is not sectorial.

Some researchers consider Homo rudolfensis to be a distinct species of early Homo. If this is correct, which of the following statements is TRUE?

H. rudolfensis is most likely the one that made Oldowan tools, not H. habilis (sensu stricto).

H. rudolfensis had a dentition that was smaller than that of H. habilis (sensu stricto).

H. rudolfensis had a larger brain than H. habilis (sensu stricto).

H. rusolfensis never co-occurs at the same sites as H. habilis (sensu stricto).

All of the above.

H. rudolfensis had a larger brain than H. habilis (sensu stricto).

The postcranium of Australopithecus afarensis has all of the following features, EXCEPT:

Lower limbs that are short compared to those of modern humans.

Long upper limbs in comparison to those of modern humans.

A hallux (big toe) that was fully opposable.

Low, broad, bowl-shaped ilium.

Scapula rotated so the shoulder joint is oriented superiorly.

A hallux (big toe) that was fully opposable.

Homo habilis is the first hominin to span which of the following areas?

North and West Africa.

Africa and Eurasia.

East and South Africa.

Europe and the Middle East.

Asia and Europe.

East and South Africa

Which of the following statements regarding Australopithecus afarensis is FALSE?

It has a brain that is much larger than that of the modern African apes.

All of the above.

Its first metatarsal was aligned with those of the lateral digits.

It has been found at sites from East Africa.

It is thought to have exhibited a high degree of sexual dimorphism.

It has a brain that is much larger than that of the modern African apes.

The genus Paranthropus:

All of the above.

First appears by 4.0 Ma.

Is the most likely ancestor of Australopithecus.

Has significantly larger brain size than Australopithecus.

Is often found at the same sites as Homo .

Is often found at the same sites as Homo .

Acheulean tools differ from Oldowan tools in all of the following features, EXCEPT:

In the Oldowan, the flakes are generally used as the cutting tool.

All of the above differ between Oldowan and Acheulean tools.

Oldowan tools are generally from older sites than are Achuelean.

Oldowan tools never include bifacially flaked "hand-axes".

Oldowan tools are restricted to localities closer to water..

All of the above differ between Oldowan and Acheulean tools.

Which of the following hominin species occupied the LARGEST geographic range?

Homo floresiensis

Homo neanderthalensis

Homo erectus

Homo habilis

Australopithecus afarensis

Homo erectus

Which statement about brains is TRUE?

Larger brains make birth easier.

Modern humans have brains that are much larger than those found in all other species of Homo.

Larger brain size requires a higher calorie diet.

It can not be estimated accurately in fossils, even from relatively complete crania.

Within modern humans, larger brain size means greater intelligence.

Larger brain size requires a higher calorie diet.

Which of the following statements regarding Homo erectus is TRUE?:

H. erectus fossils have been found throughout the Old World and Australia.

Acheulean tools have been found in association with H. erectus throughout its known range.

Upper Paleolithic tools have been found in association with H. erectus.

H. erectus fossils show a general trend of increasing brain size through time.

H. erectus has a sagittal crest.

H. erectus fossils show a general trend of increasing brain size through time.

Which of the following statements regarding H. floresiensis is TRUE?

H. floresiensis had many dental anomalies.

H. floresiensis has a large body size and other features consistent with being isolated on an island.

H. floresiensis possessed a large brain relative to body size.

H. floresiensis had Australopithecus-like limb proportions.

Given the pelvic anatomy of H. floresiensis, bipedalism was probably not possible.

H. floresiensis had many dental anomalies.

H. heidelbergensis, also called "archaic" Homo sapiens, left evidence for all of the following behaviors, EXCEPT:

Possible construction of shelters.

Painting on cave walls.

Production of Acheulean tools.

Postmortem defleshing of the dead.

Hunting with wooden implements.

Painting on cave walls.

Compared to Homo erectus, H. heidelbergensis (or "archaic" H. sapiens) shows:

Smaller molars and premolars.

All of the above.

Larger brain size.

More rounded neurocranium.

Higher forehead.

All of the above.

H. heidelbergensis (or "archaic" Homo sapiens) is known from all of the following geographic areas EXCEPT:

Europe.

India.

Africa.

North America.

China.

North America

From oldest to youngest age in the fossil record, which of the following places these hominins in the correct order?

Homo habilis, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis, H. floresiensis.