history

1955: car production 2m to 8m

1960: 75% owned car

3k new drive in theatres

7m discarded yearly = newest product

Federal aid highway act = 6 major toll roads

1956:41k miles highways

1950: white collar jobs rose by 6k

Industrial workers: 39% to 36%

Urban areas:

96.5m in 1950 to 124.7m in 1960

Restrictive covenants = legal documents that stop undesirables from living in the area

Lending institution = hard to buy good homes

Pres truman public housing act: only 320k homes funded

1960: 30% more purchasing power

1945 = 8 shopping centees, 1960 = 4K

1957: cold war space race = new tech

1960: 90% americans had tv, 50% = popular leisure

Shows Had to keep sponsors happy → if sponsor racist, would stop sponsoring and make the show get dropped

ADS

5.7b spent on ads in 1950, 10b on ads In 1960

521 m spent in 1960 on music record

Jim crow laws: discriminated black americans = legal segregation + prevention of voting (80% cldnt + taxes high)

Segregated education:

South = black skls less funsing → 43$ to educate a black child = inefficient

1950s income of a white family = 4392, Income of non white fqmaily = 2461

NAACP = civil rights organisation for coloured people

1954 brown ruling that separate skls arent equal → change happened legally but not physically = remained segregated no enforcement

Montgomery bus boycott → rosa parks - 50k

Little rock crisis - enrol 9 kids 1957, eisenhower send troops to protect

1962 james meredith in uni of misisisip shot+wound

THE GREENSBORO SIT INS 1960 - Sit in segregates restaurants -70k students

Inspired student action → SNCC

Birmingham campaign difficult to organise - violent area, low turn out king jailed 2 days: letter from brum jail published

1964 civil rights act = ended de jure segregation

Kennedy:

Area development act 1961 = 394m for 4 yrs as aid = 260k new jobs + programmes that benefitted 15k

5m remained unemployed = disappointing

Omnibus housing act = 5B for the extension of existing progtsmmes eg public housing

Minimum wage: 0.25 to 1.25 + covered an extra 3.6m

Women remained uncovered

LEGISLATIVE FAILIURE:

Federal finance for elemtnatry and secondary = rejected by congress

School assistance bill = wanted 2.3b → church run skls had to be removed → passed senate but got defeated after

PEACE CORPS:

Young volunteers → 5k ppl made aid to 46 countrie in the first 2 years

Hard to justify 40b on moon landing → eventually won

58% favoured it

NUMBER 2

Nation of Islam:

-led by Elijah Muhammad 1934-75

-urged:

→separation of black & whites

→black economic independence

→Develop independent black nation

→pride in black culture & history

→religious commitment & puritanical lifestyle

Black Power & Black Panthers 1996:

Advocated for:

-violence

-armed self-defence

-spearatism

Meredith March significance:

-drew national attention to deep divisions

-gave ‘Black Power’ national prominence

Black oatnehr

-tailed police to expose brutality = violent shootouts