Sociocultural approach

What is social identity theory?

The theory that a person has multiple social selves based on their group memberships.

What are the three mechanisms used in creating social identity?

Social categorization, social comparison, and the tendency to use group membership as a source of self-esteem.

What does social categorization involve?

Categorizing people into in-groups (us) and out-groups (them).

What is vicarious reinforcement?

Learning through positive reinforcement or negative feedback via the observation of others.

What are the four factors for learning to occur according to Bandura?

Attention, Retention, Motivation, and Potential.

What does self-efficacy refer to?

The belief that an individual can succeed in a specific task.

What is stereotyping?

A social perception of an individual based on their group membership and physical attributes.

What is out-group homogeneity? ( steroetyping)

The perception that members of out-groups are more similar to each other than they actually are.

What is the grain of truth hypothesis?

The idea that personal experiences with an out-group member leads to generalizations about all members of that group.

What does the term ecological fallacy mean?

The assumption that individuals from different cultures are inherently different based on aggregated cultural data.

What is enculturation?

The process of learning and adopting the values and norms of one's own culture.

What is acculturation?

The process where individuals adopt the norms and behaviors of a different culture after immigration.

What is the difference between assimilation and integration in the context of acculturation?

Assimilation involves fully adopting the new culture's values, while integration involves adopting new values while maintaining old ones.

What occurs during stereotype threat?

When an individual is at risk of being judged or treated based on a stereotype.

What is memory distortion in relation to stereotypes?

When individuals remember information that aligns with their stereotypes but that did not actually happen.

What is the significance of Bandura's factors in learning?

They indicate that motivation and belief in one's ability affect learning outcomes.

What study is associated with social identity theory?

The study conducted by Tajfel.

What is the main theme of cultural dimensions?

They represent shared values that differentiate cultures, such as individualism vs. collectivism.