Global 1 Final Review

previous chapters + midterm review + final review

Cosimo de Medici

wealthiest European of his time (1430s) - member of Medici family, powerful banking family that controlled Florence

Renaissance

explosion of creativity and art in Italy - 1300 - 1600

why did people pursue art during the renaissance

so many people died during the bubonic plague that there were less business opportunities, so people began arts

how did they recreate Rome and greece

1. people in Italy used Rome’s ruins

2. western scholars studies Latin transcripts preserved by monastaries

3. christian scholars from constantinople brought Greek manuscripts to Rome while Turks were conquering Constantinople (1453)

classic texts led to Humanism

intellectual movement focusing on human potential and achievement

• popularized the study of common subjects affiliated with classical education- known as humanities: history, literature, philosophy

Spirit of Renaissance society

secular - (even religious) people began to allow themselves luxuries and enjoy things for the first time

Patrons of the arts

financially supported artists - paid for portraits or donated paintings to demonstrate their own wealth

Women in Renaissance

better educated than medieval women, but little influence in politics

what did Renaissance art emphasize

Individuals

Michelangelo Buonarroti

sculptor, poet, architect, and painter - used a realistic style

Donatello

made sculpture more realistic by carving .natural postures and expressions that reveal personality.

Donatello’s David (late 1460s) was the first European sculpture of a large, free-standing nude since ancient times

Leonardo Da Vinci

• true renaissance man

• painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist

• studied the body and incorporated what he found in his art

• painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper

Raphael Sanzio

• younger than Michelangelo and Leonardo, learned by studying them

• used gentle and calm expressions, famous for his use of perspective

• Painted Pope Julius II’s library walls with paintings, including the School of Athens which featured famous renaissance figures (himself and above)

Dante

MEDIEVAL writer who set the example of writing in the vernacular (Italian instead of Latin)

Niccolo Machiavelli

• wrote “the Prince”

• political guidebook

• said it is a wicked world

• said it is better to be feared than loved (as a ruler) and a ruler might have to trick his enemies and his people for the wellness of the state

what war ended in 1453, allowing Northern European cities to grow again

Hundred Years’ War

artistic center of Northern Europe

Flanders

Jan van Eyck

first great Flemish renaissance painter

• used oil paints

• used very realistic details to portray personality

Thomas More of England

wrote “Utopia” (means “no place” in Greek)

An ideal place is depicted in the book

an imaginary land without greed

• wrote in Latin, but translated into many languages

Elizabethan Age

when Renaissance spread to england in the mid 1500s - named after Queen Elizabeth I (was well educated and supported English art and literature development)

William Shakespeare

the most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age

• greatest playwright of all time

• wrote Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear (tragedies)

• wrote A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Taming of the Shrew (comedies)

• born in Stratford upon Avon, lived in London

Johann Gutenburg

• developed a quick, cheap, and efficient printing press

• printed a complete bible “Gutenburg Bible” in 1455 first

Renaissance Changes in arts

Changes in the Arts

•Art drew on techniques and styles of classical Greece and Rome.

•Paintings and sculptures portrayed individuals and nature in more realistic

and lifelike ways.

•Artists created works that were secular as well as those that were religious.

•Writers began to use vernacular languages to express their ideas.

•The arts praised individual achievement.

Renaissance Changes in Society

Changes in Society

• Printing changed society by making more information available and

inexpensive enough for society at large.

•A greater availability of books prompted an increased desire for learning and

a rise in literacy throughout Europe.

• Published accounts of new discoveries, maps, and charts led to further

discoveries in a variety of fields.

• Published legal proceedings made the laws clear so that people were more

likely to understand their rights.

• Christian humanists’ attempts to reform society changed views about how

life should be lived.

•People began to question political structures and religious practices.

the Friar that Martin Luther stood up to

Johann Tetzel

95 theses

grievances written by Martin Luther attacking the “pardon merchants”

• Martin Luther put them on the church door in Wittenburg and someone printed them, spreading it across Germany

reformation

founding of Christian churches that did not accept the pope’s authority

pope that excommunicated Luther in 1520

Leo X

Edict of Worms

declared Luther an outlaw and a heretic after his trial.

Protestant

originally, princes who protested against the Pope and supported Luther

now, christians who belong to non catholic churches

Peace of Augsburg

princes agreed that rulers would decide the religion of their respective states.

• Charles V ordered the assembly.

John Calvin

founded calvinism

• published the institutes of the Christian Religion

• believed in predestination and that people cannot earn their way into heaven

• said ideal government was a theocracy

John Knox

practiced calvinism with presbyters

• founded Presbyterian church

• governed by elders

Anabaptism

people get rebaptized as adults

• became a main religion for mennonites and the Amish and influenced quakers and baptists

Ignatius of Loyola (Spain)

• wrote Spiritual Exercises for soul cleansing

• gathered followers who became Jesuits

Jesuits

catholic priests and clergy sent out as missionaries

1. founded schools throughout europe

2. convert non-christians to catholicism

3. stop the spread of protestantism

Pope Paul III

1. investigated indulgence selling

2. approved Jesuit order

3. used the inquisition to seek heresy in papal territory

council of trent

• The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final. Any Christian who

substituted his or her own interpretation was a heretic.

• Christians needed faith and good works for salvation. They were not saved by

faith alone, as Luther argued.

• The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding

Christian life.

• Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. But the false selling of

indulgences was banned.

Pope Paul IV

carried out the council of trent’s decrees

• created a forbidden book list

Franks

germanic people that held power in gaul (France) - allied with the Church

middle ages

period of Roman decline - medieval period 500-1500

monasteries

where monks live

Charlemagne

Charles the Great - carolingian - 2x the size of the franks land - got crowned Holy Roman Empire for bringing his army to crush a mob that attacked the Pope - reunited western Europe

secular

a worldly power (the papacy) in politics

Empire established in the 10th century made of Germany and Italy

Holy Roman Empire

Charles Martel

Frankish leader who defeated Muslims in Spain in 732, making him a Christian hero - Father to Pepin, Grandfather to charlemagne - aka Charles the Hammer

Pepin

Son of Charles Martel, began the Carolingian Dynasty - Father to Charlemagne

who was Charlemagne

Son of Pepin, became king of the whole Frankish empire in 771

what did Charlemagne do

expanded the Frankish Kingdom, was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III for his gratitude for protecting him

which Pope made the papacy a secular power

Gregory I (in 590)

who invaded Western Europe

Vikings from the North, Magyars (Turkish nomads) from the East, and Muslims from the south

3 main groups of feudalism

fighters (nobles and knights), prayers (church officials), workers (peasants/serfs) *largest group

who received land from a lord

vassal

what was the lord’s land called

manor

who paid tithes

peasants

why did peasants endure bad living conditions

they believed God set their place in society

when did knights begin training

7

how did chivalry affect women

worsened - noble women could not inherit land and peasant women held no power. they had to work in their homes or live in convents (as nuns)

law of the church

canon law - applied to all christians

church punishments

excommunication (1 person no sacraments) and interdiction (whole land no sacraments)

what did Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV fight over

Lay investiture - Gregory excommunicated Henry but later forgave him

how did invasions lead to feudalism

people were scared and wanted protection, lords granted protection in exchange for service.

simony

selling positions in the church

Age of Faith

new feeling of faith starting in 1000s - led to many changes, starting with monastaries

friars

people who moved from place to place spreading church ideas - St Francis of Assisi

gothic

architecture in the 1100s - colorful and reached towards heaven

who started the first crusade

pope urban ii - helped the Byzantine emperor to defend Constantinople from muslim Turks - successful for Christians (they captured Jerusalem)

second crusade

muslims recaptured jerusalem under saladin

third crusade

Richard the Lion-Hearted (English) fought Saladin and they reached a truce

reconquista

1100-1492 - Christian rulers tried to drive Muslims out of Spain

Inquisition

court put people on trial for having different religious beliefs

three field system

crop rotation - food growth increased

guilds

early forms of unions

burghers

town dwellers who organized themselves for more rights

vernacular

everyday language - people started translating things to this, increasing education by making it accessible to more people

what happened to towns of western Europe in the early 1100s

they grew quickly, increased trade and food supply

Thomas Aquinas

Christian scholar who said that religious truths were logical

William the Conqueror

duke of Normandy, invaded England in 1066 and became king

Henry II

English king who married Eleanor of Aquitaine , getting more English land from france

Eleanor of Aquitaine

was married to king Louis vii of france before marrying Henry II of england, powerful and held land

Magna Carta

great charter- document King John (henry’s son) was forced to sign, took power away from the king and gave it to the nobles

Parliament

legislative group established by Edward I

Capetian Dynasty

French dynasty started by Hugh Capet

Philip II

successful french king, grew Central power

Louis IX

Grandson of Philip, set up royal courts where people could appeal lords’ decisions

The Great Schism

a French pope was rigged to be chosen and when he died an italian Pope was chosen. French cardinals wanted a french pope so they chose another Pope anyway and there were 2 popes, one in Rome and one in France.

John Wycliffe and John Huss

scholars that argued that the bible, not the pope, had more authority

what ended the middle ages

hundred years war

hundred years war

french king died with no heirs and edward III (English) claimed the throne. began a war over France. England was winning until Joan of arc stepped in.

Epicurus

Founded Epicureanism, which said that happiness is achieved when the body was free from pain, no life after death

zeno

founded stoicism - said that the universe was controlled by a universal law and taught about duty, reason, and courage. Pain and pleasure were not important. Followed by Marcus Aurelius

Curia

senate house in the Roman Forum

Tabularium

hall of records in the Roman forum

Roman law principles

Innocent until proven guilty, right to defense, no judgement until examination, unfair laws were able to be set aside.

Edict of Milan

Constantine wrote it- allowed Christianity in Rome.

Diocletian

divided the empire and took the east, 2x size of Roman armies