Material deprivation

Palmer (2012) — % of all EM that live in low-income households

50%

Palmer (2012) — % of all EM low-income households that have children

25%

Palmer (2012) — EM -x more likely to be homeless

3x

Palmer (2012) — EM -x more likely to be unemployed

2x

Palmer (2012) — % of all 🇧🇩 and 🇵🇰 workers that earn <£7/hour

50%

Palmer (2012) — % of all White 🇬🇧 workers that earn <£7/hour

25%

Shift work

• EM more likely to do shift work

Domestic work

• 🇧🇩 and 🇵🇰 women more likely to do low-paid domestic work

Cultural factors

• Pudah in ☪ prevents women from working outside of the home

Qualifications

• Not recognised by UK employers

Language skills

• Affects recently arrived groups as established groups often fluent in English

2011 — % of White 🇬🇧 children entitled to FSM (av: 14%)

11%

2011 — % of 🇮🇳 children entitled to FSM (av: 14%)

9%

2011 — % of Black Caribbean children entitled to FSM (av: 14%)

23%

2011 — % of 🇵🇰 children entitled to FSM (av: 14%)

30%

2011 — % of Black African children entitled to FSM (av: 14%)

35%

2011 — % of 🇧🇩 children entitled to FSM (av: 14%)

45%

DfES (2005) — FSM

• BC, 🇵🇰 and 🇧🇩 pupils overrepresented among FSM-eligible pupils

  • More likely to be at a socio-economic disadvantage

Gillborn and Mirza (2000) — EM and MD

• BC, 🇵🇰 and 🇧🇩 pupils more likely to live in poverty and face MD

Gillborn and Mirza (2000) — MD and achievement

• 🇮🇳 and 🇨🇳 pupils achieve highly despite socioeconomic challenges

🇮🇳 students -x more likely to go to private school than White students

2x

🇮🇳 students -x more likely to go to private school than Black students

15x

2011 — % of 🇨🇳 girls on FSM with 5+ higher-grade GCSEs

86%

2011 — % of non-FSM White girls with 5+ higher-grade GCSEs

65%

Modood (2004)

• Effects of low income less pronounced for EM than for White pupils

HoC Education Committee (2014)

• W🇬🇧 pupils from deprived backgrounds among lowest achievers across all ethnic groups

  • Indicates that MD significantly impacts educational outcomes and attainment levels.

Mason (2000) — racism

• Discrimination persistent feature of experience of EM 🇬🇧

Rex (1986) — racism and poverty

• Racism → social exclusion → worsening of poverty

Housing

• EM more likely to be forced into substandard accommodation than White people of the same class

Woods et al (2010) — employment

• EM more likely to face low pay

Woods et al (2010) — 1 in x EM job applications offered interview

1 in 16

Woods et al (2010) — 1 in x White job applications offered interview

1 in 9

Flannery

• High levels of poverty esp among 🇵🇰 and 🇧🇩 groups leads to higher MD and thus worse achievement

Lupton

• Schools in poorer areas often attended by 🇵🇰 and 🇧🇩 pupils face more challenges

Barnard and Turner

• Systemic racism disproportionately affects Black Caribbean, 🇵🇰 and 🇧🇩