Biol 101 Exam 3

myoglobin

developed in vertebrata; colored protein in muscles that stores oxygen

pineal organ

developed in vertebrata; gland in brain, sensitive to light, secretes serotonin, regulates circadian rhythm

lateral line system

developed in vertebrata; detects motion in water

claspers

developed in gnathostomata; paired appendages associated with internal fertilization

operculum

developed in osteichthyes; covers gills for protection

exaptation

when a pre-existing feature co-opted for a new function (ex. pharyngeal bars in vertebrata)

buccal pump

developed in Amphibia; used for respiration and vocalization

how buccal pump works

rhythmically lowers floor of mouth to draw fresh air into the nostrils, raises mouth floor to push air into lung and repeats cycle to ventilate to the respiratory system

plastron

bottom (ventral) side of turtle (Testudines) shell

carapace

top (dorsal) side of turtle (Testudines) shell

hemipenes

paired copulatory organ in male Squamates used to deliver sperm in internal fertilization

amniotic egg

developed in Amniotes; protection from drying

amnion

fluid filled sac in amniotic egg that cushions embryo

allantois

waste disposal from embryo in amniotic egg

chorion

gas exchange between air and embryo in amniotic egg

yolk sac

contains yolk (food supply) and blood vessels for nutrient transport in amniotic egg

shell

protection; allows gas exchange; leathery or calcified in amniotic egg

kinetic skull

developed in Lepidosauria; highly mobile cranial joint that allows the animal to open its mouth wider

secondary bony palate

developed in Archosauria; internal nostril position posteriorly; allows breathing during eating

three main regions of Hemichordata body

proboscis (mucus traps food), collar (proboscis retracts into to close mouth), trunk (includes internal organs)

5 synapomorphies of Chordata

notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, Post anal tail, pharyngeal bars, endostyle

neural crest cells

vertebrae synapomorphy; versatile, moving cells from the early embryo that form nerves, pigment, cartilage, and other parts

5 synapomorphies of Vertebrata

vertebrae, myoglobin, bone and cartilage, pineal organ, lateral line system

hagfish feeding

rasping and feeding from corpses of dead animals

lamprey feeding

use their ring of teeth to scrape holes inside of fish to suck blood

3 synapomorphies of Gnathostomata

jaws (grab prey), paired appendages (chase prey), claspers (internal fertilization)

synapomorphies of Osteichthyes

operculum and air sac (lungs or gas bladder; regulates buoyancy)

Actinopterygii

Osteichthyes clade; thin, fan-like limbs with a single bone branch

Sarcopterygii

Osteichthyes clade; fleshy lobe limbs built around several jointed bones

synapomorphies of Tetrapoda

limbs with fingers and toes (developed from fleshy, lobed-fins) and double circulation of blood with a three chambered heart

challenges with water to land transition of vertebrates

respiration (gills to lungs), support and movement (water to terrestrial movement), sense (seeing and hearing underwater), reproduction (amniotic egg), water retention/waste management

advantages of terrestrial life

reach sunlight, avoid competition, find food, access to atmospheric O2, escape predators

Tiktaalik rosae

transitional form between fish and tetrapoda (shows key step in evolution)

synapomorphy of Amphibia

smooth skin with glands (mucus and poison)

3 clades of Amphibia

Anura, Urodela, Apoda

oviparous

animal lay eggs outside of body and the eggs develop and hatch outside of the mothers body

viviparous

animals give birth to live young that develop inside the mother, receiving nutrition directly from her

paedomorphism

juvenile/larval characteristics found in adults (mature individual looks and functions as a younger version of ancestor)

synapomorphies of Amniota

internal fertilization, kidney and large intestine, ribcage, sternum and ankle bone, amniotic egg

2 clades of Amniota

reptilia and mammalia

anapsid

amniote with no windows/temporal openings; turtles

dispsid

amniotes with two windows/temporal openings; lizards, Crocs, snakes

synapsid

amniotes with one window/temporal opening; mammals

synapomorphy of Reptilia

overlapping scales (gives protection but also water retention)

3 clades of Reptilia

Testudines (turtles), Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes, and tuatara), Archosauria (Crocs, alligators, aves)

diagnostic feature of Testudines

bony shell that encloses body and distinguishes them from all other vertebrates (Dorsal (top) side = carapace; ventral (bottom) side = plastron)

temperature sex determination

in Testudines; low temperature = males; high temperature = females

caudal autotomy

voluntary shedding of tail segment which allows rapid escape from predators

2 clades of Archosauria

crocodylia (Crocs, alligators, gavials) and Aves (birds)

synapomorphies of Archosauria

4 chambered heart, nest building and parental care, secondary bony palate, endothermy

limbs in Dinos/birds

legs are held directly under body/hips

living birds

Saurischia Theropoda