Global Awareness Final Exam

What does fair trade mean and what is its relevance as an alternative to production/consumption?

Fair wages, safe working conditions, and sustainable practices

What are free trade agreements?

Agreements between countries to reduce tariffs and trade barriers

What are the main arguments of Modernization Theory?

Countries develop through stages and assumes Western civilization is better

What are the main arguments of Dependency Theory?

Poor countries depend on rich countries and need more local control

What is an externality?

A side effect of an action such as pollution harming others

What proportion of global greenhouse gas emissions is agriculture responsible for?

About 25%

What proportion of global water withdrawal is agriculture responsible for?

About 70% of freshwater use

Where is hunger concentrated in the world?

Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia

Where is climate change expected to negatively impact agricultural production?

Africa, South Asia, and Latin America

Where is climate change expected to positively impact agricultural production?

Northern regions

What is the estimated impact of climate change on global agricultural production?

A drop in food production

What are the two types of biofuel introduced in class?

Ethanol and biodiesel

Which biofuel is most important in the United States?

Corn ethanol

Which two countries produce the most biofuel globally?

The United States and Brazil

What is food justice?

Fair access to healthy and affordable food

What is food apartheid?

An unequal food system that limits access to healthy food

What is the relationship between corporate agriculture and population growth?

Large companies control food production as population growth increases demand

What is a key issue impacting cocoa production in West Africa?

Child labor and low pay

What is the historical significance of the sugar and cocoa industries?

They were linked to slavery and colonialism

What does Peak Oil Theory state?

Oil production will peak and then decline

Who came up with Peak Oil Theory?

M. King Hubbert

What development was used to challenge Peak Oil Theory?

Fracking

Which three countries have the largest oil reserves?

Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, and Canada

Which three countries are the leading oil producers?

The United States, Saudi Arabia, and Russia

What is the recent trend in U.S. coal use for electricity generation?

Coal use has been decreasing

What is decoupling?

Growing the economy without increasing greenhouse gas emissions

What is fracking?

Breaking rocks with high-pressure liquid to extract oil and gas

What are the pros of fracking?

Increased energy supply and economic growth

What are the cons of fracking?

Pollution, earthquakes, and water issues

What are common uses of fossil fuels?

Gasoline, plastics, farming, and electricity

What are the environmental impacts of fossil fuels?

Climate change and pollution

What are some renewable energy alternatives?

Solar, wind, and water energy

What are the pros of renewable energy?

Clean energy source

What are the cons of renewable energy?

Expensive and not always reliable

How much must CO2 emissions decrease by 2050 according to the textbook?

50–80%

What are the pros of coal?

Cheap energy source

What are the cons of coal?

Dirty and highly polluting

What is OPEC?

An organization that controls oil supply and prices

What is the relationship between OPEC and U.S. energy and war policies?

Oil supply influences U.S. policies and conflicts

What are theories on fossil fuels and nuclear energy?

Fossil fuels are cheap but dirty, while nuclear energy is cleaner but risky and expensive

What was the Green Revolution?

Increased food production through chemicals and technology

What were the benefits of the Green Revolution?

More food production

What were the drawbacks of the Green Revolution?

Environmental damage

What is the Kyoto Protocol?

The first global climate agreement requiring industrialized nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions

Why was the Kyoto Protocol important?

It was the first major international climate agreement

What are major concerns about the Amazon Rainforest?

Deforestation and biodiversity loss

What are debt-for-nature swaps?

Reducing debt in exchange for environmental protection

What do scientists say about the sixth extinction?

Humans are causing a mass extinction event

What does ecological unequal exchange mean?

Rich countries use resources from poorer countries

Which country practices the most fracking?

The United States