Unit 10: Evolution

Adaptation

How may mutation cause evolution?

Can cause some of the population to have traits that benefit them, and they’ll eventually pass it down b/c it helped them survive

Allele Frequency

Analogous Structure

Artificial Selection

Humans pick traits they find desirable in an organism

What is a good example of artificial selection?

Dogs, b/c they’ve been bred so much that they’re so diverse

Behavioral Isolation

Biological Evolution

Shift in allele frequency overtime in generations

Biological Fitness

Organisms number of offsprings b/c their genetics are going to last longer

What are the three requirements that need to be met in order for a trait to potentially be subject to natural selection?

Trait must vary in population, be inheritable and differential reproductive success which effects biological fitness

Bottleneck Effect

When a populations size is reduced for at least one generation

Why may a bottleneck affect happen?

Human activities or environmental events

What is the problem with the bottleneck effect?

Causes the gene pool to be smaller, which decreases genetic variation

Charles Darwin

Naturalist on the HMS Beagle who recorded his observations and collected specimens on his 5-year journey

Fossil

Founders Effect

Small number of organisms drift from the main population and create their own population

The new population from the founders effect has…

Different allele frequencies Thant he original population

Example of founders effect?

Amish split from the main population and mainly stay in their own population so they have their own traits that appear more commonly in their population like dwarfism

Gene Pool

Genetic Drift

Random process which allele frequencies change in a population

Genetic drift has…

No relation to biological fitness, has a large impact in small populations

Genetic Equilibrium

Geographic Isolation

Homologous Structure

Natural Selection

Non-random process by which populations better adapted to their environment are most likely to survive and reproduce

Phylogenetic Tree

Reproductive Isolation

Selection

Forces that cause non random changes in allele frequencies in a population

Sexual Selection

Non random process when traits that increase reproductive success become more common in a population

How are sexual selection traits described?

Bright, loud, large or showy traits the choosy females likes in a male

Traits chosen by sexual selection always help and individual survive better in its environment?

No

Speciation

When organisms from one species separate from one group and change so much that they cant breed with other groups

Species

Groups or organisms that are so similar that they cant breed breed and produce offsprings that are fertile

Temporal Isolation

Theory

Vestigial structure

Evolution

The change in the frequency of alleles in a population over time

What is the VIDA chart used for?

To summarize how certain species of organisms evolved over time through natural selection

Migration/gene flow

Individuals move from one population to another and the allele frequencies change in both populations

What is this?

Gene flow

What is this?

Gene flow

What does each letter in VIDA stand for?

Variation, Inheritance, Differential survival and reproduction, Adaption

Variation

Different physical features, behaviors, bodily functions, disease resistance, etc. in an organism

Inheritance

Variation comes from random mutations and the recombination during sexual reproduction

Adaptations

Heritable traits that helps an organism survive and reproduce

What is an example of variation?

Dogs fur color, texture, ear shape, tail shape, etc.

What is an example of inheritance?

Dog inheriting similar fur patterns as a parent

What is an example of differential survival and reproduction?

Tiny dog has a reduced differential reproductive success b/c it cant compete with its larger siblings to beat something and live

What is an example of adaptation?

Dog nose shape help humidify and warm the air they inhale before it enters their body

What book did Charles Darwin make?

Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

What does Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection explain?

VIDA

What can mutations be?

Harmful, helpful (unlikely), or neutral in their effect

What will a neutral mutation often do?

Not change the amino acid it codes for

What’s a example of a neutral mutation?

mRNA codon CUU mutating into CUC but both codes for leucine, so it doesn’t have an effect on the organism

What part of a nucleic acid experiences a mutation?

The bases

Point mutation

Affects one nucleotide base

Frameshift mutation

Genetic change caused by insertion or deletion of bases that in in numbers other then a multiple three

How does deletion cause a frameshift?

Causes there to be less amino acids that are needed

How does insertion cause frameshift?

Cause there to be more amino acids then needed

Are mutations random?

Yes

Where do mutation occur?

Both DNA and RNA

Do all DNA code for proteins?

no

What types of mutations cause frameshift?

Insertion and deletion

Are mutations mainly beneficial to organisms?

No

Mutations only occur during interphase?

No

How can some mutations not effect an organism besides it being neutral?

The gene the mutation is present in might not be turned on or activated

How do you get mutations?

Genetically inherited

Types of point mutations

Insertion, deletion, substitution

Types of chromosome mutations

Duplication, deletion, inversion, translocation

What is this?

Duplication

What is the difference between chromosome mutations and point mutations?

Chromosome mutations are large scale changes affecting the structure of the chromosome while point mutation is changes to the single DNA nucleotide or base pair

What is a base pair mutation?

Point mutation

Chromosome mutation

Large scale change to the structure or number of chromosomes

What is this?

Chromosome mutation deletion

What is this?

Chromosome mutation inversion

What is this?

Chromosome mutation inversion

What is this?

Chromosome mutation translocation

What is this?

Chromosome mutation translocation

Selection is..

Non-random

Natural selection is…

Non-random

Who is able to produce more offspring?

Better adapted organisms

What does it mean to be better adapted?

To be able to produce more offsprings

What are the different types of selection?

Natural, sexual, and artificial

What does the fittest mean in an evolutionary sense?

The most reproductively successful

Evolution is…

Neither fixed or entirely random

What is the goal of the tree of life?

To explain how all species are related to each other

Which way does time run on a phylogenetic tree?

From the root to branch tip

Cladogram

Branching diagram that shows relation between organisms and common ancestors

What do you look for when making a cladogram?

Which of these organisms don’t look like the others

What does the very first trait in a cladogram represent?

Characteristic shared by all organisms

Why do genetic differences accumulate?

Speciations

Fragmentation

When geography gets broken up

What is this?

Fragmentation

What are some results of fragmentation?

Fancier traits

Over generations of separated species, would the species still mate?

Yes, females would still find it attractive, but not as time goes on

If separated species mate, what would happen to the females eggs?

It won’t be viable because the parents have too many genetic differences

How have the Birds of Paradise evolves over time?

Natural and sexual selection

What is a node on a cladogram?

An intersection spot of the cladogram that can represent a common ancestor

What is a Claude on a cladogram?

A common ancestor and its descendants

Do cladograms represent time?

No