APCSP.CodeHS with JS.Unit 11-The Internet v2

Socioeconomic

your social circle plus economic factor

Echo Chamber

only get info from one source so you don't branch out and learn more from different Points of View (POVs)

Distributed computing

is a bunch of (usually non-colocated) computers working together

Sharing Economy

Assets or services that we can share in the benefit while also sharing in the cost

Bitrate

the amount of data (in bits) that can be sent in a fixed amount of time

URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

a method of describing the location of a resource that exists somewhere on the internet (think: hyperlink like https://www.ibm.com)

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Allows for sending MULTIPLE packets between two computers. TCP checks that all packets arrived and can be put back in the proper order.

Metadata

Data about data. Example: a JPG image file contains information such as when and where the picture was taken, what kind of camera was used, the size of the image, and more.

Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)

The language used to create webpages

SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence)

An example of distributed computing. A bunch of people all over the world help to process the data collected from listening to outer space signals

SETI@home

Screen saver would pull up, SETI would run to try and find intelligent communication signals from space

Cybercrime

Identity theft, stealing money, stealing private information, controlling private computers.

Stuxnet worm

A highly sophisticated computer worm discovered in 2010, believed to have been developed by the United States and Israel targeting Iran's nuclear program.

DNS Spoofing

Pretending to be a DNS server or corrupting the real DNS server with bogus IP.

Botnets

Network with malicious software controlled by a group without the owners' acknowledgment.

Multi-Factor Authentication

More than one of the 5 factors:

1) something you KNOW

2) something you DO

3) something you HAVE

4) something you ARE

and 5) SOMEWHERE you are.

CIA Triad

Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability - principles for protecting information.

Root access

The highest level of administrative control you can have on a computer system.

VR

Computer generated environment where the entire environment is virtualized. Virtual Reality

AR

An overlay of digital information on the real world. Augmented Reality

Open Source Software (OSS)

Software that is freely available for use and modification, but can lead to issues of intellectual property ownership

Digital Divide

The gap between those who have easy access to the internet and those who do not.

Intellectual property

Legal rights that grant creators control over their creations.

DMCA

Digital Millennium Copyright Act, which provides a framework for copyright protection in the digital environment.

Trademarks

Words, phrases, symbols, or designs that distinguish a product or service.

Trade secrets

Information that is kept confidential to maintain a competitive advantage.

Creative Commons

A licensing system that allows creators to specify how others can use their work.

Four possible conditions of Creative Commons

Attribution (BY)

No Derivatives (ND)

Non Commercial (NC)

and Share Alike (SA).

Internet

a network of networks

Network

a set of computers connected together for the purpose of sharing resources

Domain Name System (DNS)

the Internet's system for converting alphabetic names into numeric IP addresses.

Hierarchy

a system or organization in which people or things are ranked one above the other according to status or authority

Domain name syntax

hierarchical definition of what a domain should look like; the top-level domain is the .com, .edu, .org, etc.; the domain name is separated by a period to the left of the top-level domain and is usually the company name; the sub-domain is separated by a period to the left of the domain name and is usually a prefix like mail.google.com.

IPv4 address

an IP address that uses a 32-bit binary number consisting of four groupings of 8 bits with each grouping separated by a period; deployed by the IETF in 1983; allows for almost 4.3 billion unique IP addresses

IPv6 address

an IP address that uses a 128-bit binary number consisting of sixteen groupings of 8 bits with each grouping separated by a period; deployed by the IETF in the mid-2000s; allows for more than 340 trillion trillion trillion unique IP addresses

HTTP

the communications protocol used to connect to Web servers on the Internet or on a local network (intranet); its primary function is to establish a connection with the server and send HTML pages and files back to the user's browser; stands for hypertext transfer protocol

HTTPS

a variant of HTTP that adds a layer of security on the data in transit through a secure socket layer (SSL) or transport layer security (TLS) protocol connection— the final “s” stands for “secure”

SMTP

an internet standard for transmitting emails; stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

IETF

a large open international community of network designers, operators, vendors, and researchers concerned with the evolution of the Internet architecture and the smooth operation of the Internet; charged with developing protocols; stands for Internet Engineering Task Force

Routing

the process of moving packets across a network from one end node to another; usually performed by dedicated devices called routers

Redundancy of routing

a communications pathway that has additional links to connect all nodes in case one link or node goes down

Protocols

a set of rules and standards governing the treatment and formatting of data in an electronic communications system

Interfaces

the points of interaction between different systems or components, allowing them to communicate and exchange information effectively.

Open Standards

protocols and standards made available to the general public and are developed (or approved) and maintained via a collaborative and consensus driven process

Packet

a discrete piece of a file or message sent over a network; each piece contains the destination address

Packet switching

a mode of data transmission in which a message is broken into a number of parts that are sent independently, over whatever route is optimum for each packet, and reassembled at the destination; order of arrival does not matter

TCP/IP

the standards and rules for two computers to communicate via the Internet; one is responsible for breaking data into packets and delivering (TCP); the other is responsible for the addressing system (IP)

Browser

a software application for accessing websites and information on the Internet; uses HTTP and other protocols

Web server

a software application or dedicated device that uses HTTP to serve the files that form Web pages to users, in response to their requests, which are forwarded by their computers' browsers

SSL/TLS

encryption protocols that provide communications security over a computer network; the IETF has replaced the former with the latter as SSL has been hacked (deprecated)

Bandwidth

the capacity of a wired or wireless network communications link to transmit the maximum amount of data from one point to another over a computer network or internet connection in a given amount of time -- usually one second; the data transfer rate

Latency

the time delay experienced in a system, particularly in data transmission between the sender and receiver, often measured in milliseconds.

Cybersecurity

various technology, processes, and practices designed to protect digital data on networks and devices; relies on hardware, software, and human compliance

Cyber warfare

use of technology by a nation-state, organization, or individual to disrupt or damage computers or networks of another nation-state or organization

DDoS

compromising the performance of a device that is on a network by flooding it with requests from multiple systems; stands for distributed denial of service (DDoS)

Phishing

a malicious attempt to obtain sensitive information, such as usernames and passwords, by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in electronic communications.

Virus

computer code that is capable of duplicating itself; often for the purpose of disrupting or damaging another person's software or data

Antivirus software

an application that you install on your computer, device, or network to prevent viruses from affecting your system

Firewall

part of a computer system or network that monitors incoming and outgoing communication and decides what will be allowed based on security rules

Cryptography

the study of hiding messages or finding hidden messages

Encrypt

using mathematical algorithms to encode (hide) a message so only those that should read it can read it

Decrypt

using mathematical algorithms to decode (decipher) a message

Symmetric encryption

a method of encryption involving one key for both encryption and decryption; both the send and the receiver will have a copy of the same key

Public-key encryption (asymmetric encryption)

a method of encryption involving two keys (one private and one public) where anyone can use the public key to encrypt a message, but only the receiver can decrypt the message using a private key; also known as asymmetric encryption

Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)

a framework for managing digital certificates and public-key encryption, allowing secure exchanges over networks and verifying the authenticity of the public keys.

Certificate Authority (CA)

a company or organization that issues digital certificates which validate ownership of encrypted keys

Digital certificate

used by certificate authorities to connect the identity of a recipient to its public key

Copyright

Licenses and rights that give owners the ability to determine if and when their work can be copied

Public domain

Works with expired copyrights (mostly expire after 70 years in the US) enter this, anyone can use and adapt without restriction. Creators can also declare works to be in the public domain

Fair use

A legal doctrine that allows limited use of copyrighted material without permission from the rights holders, typically for educational, commentary, or research purposes.

Digital rights management (DRM)

A set of access control technologies used by copyright holders to protect their digital content from unauthorized use and distribution. Example: used by Spotify to prevent users from copying the songs

Copyright licenses

Licenses that owners can apply to their work to lessen copyright restrictions so more people can use their work