General stuff ig

Sporophyte

diploid (2n) plant body that makes spores through meiosis

Gametophyte

haploid (n) structure that makes sex cells (egg and sperm)

Alternation of generations

plant life cycle switching between diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte stages

Double fertilization

two sperm released; one fertilizes egg (→ embryo 2n) and one fertilizes polar nuclei (→ endosperm 3n); only angiosperms

Megasporocyte

diploid (2n) cell in the ovule that undergoes meiosis to produce megaspores

Microsporocyte

diploid (2n) cell in the anther that undergoes meiosis to produce microspores

Megaspore

haploid (n) spore that develops into the female gametophyte (embryo sac)

Microspore

haploid (n) spore that develops into the male gametophyte (pollen grain)

Male gametophyte

the pollen grain; contains two sperm cells

Female gametophyte

the embryo sac; contains the egg cell and two polar nuclei

Polar nuclei

two haploid nuclei in the embryo sac that fuse with the second sperm to become endosperm (3n)

Synergids

two cells in the embryo sac that guide sperm toward the egg

Antipodal cells

three cells in the embryo sac; thought to help with nutrition

Embryo

the baby plant inside the seed; feeds on endosperm during early development

Endosperm

stored food inside the seed; 3n in angiosperms and n in gymnosperms

Seed coat

protective outer layer of the seed; derived from the integuments of the ovule

Cotyledon

seed leaf inside the embryo; monocots have 1 and dicots have 2

Integument

protective layer surrounding the ovule that becomes the seed coat after fertilization

Spermatophyte

a seed plant; any vascular plant that reproduces using seeds

Gymnosperm

non-flowering seed plant; naked seeds in cones; wind pollinated; evergreen; first to evolve

Angiosperm

flowering seed plant; seeds enclosed in ovary which becomes fruit; uses pollinators

Monocot

angiosperm with 1 cotyledon; fibrous roots; parallel leaf veins; petals in 3s

Dicot

angiosperm with 2 cotyledons; tap root; net-like leaf veins; petals in 4s or 5s

Bryophyte

non-vascular plant; gametophyte dominant; uses rhizoids; needs water to reproduce

Tracheophyte

another name for vascular plant; includes ferns gymnosperms and angiosperms

Vegetative reproduction

asexual reproduction in plants using roots stems or leaves

Stamen

male reproductive structure of a flower; consists of anther and filament

Anther

part of the stamen that produces pollen (contains microsporocytes)

Filament

stalk that holds the anther up in the flower

Pistil

female reproductive structure of a flower; consists of stigma style and ovary

Stigma

sticky top of the pistil that catches pollen

Style

stalk connecting stigma to the ovary

Ovary

contains ovules; becomes the fruit after fertilization

Ovule

contains the megasporocyte; becomes the seed after fertilization

Sepal

protects the flower bud before it opens

Petal

attracts pollinators with color scent and nectar

Xylem

vascular tissue that transports water and minerals upward from roots

Phloem

vascular tissue that transports sugars downward from leaves

Hyphae

thread-like filaments making up the structural body of multicellular fungi

Mycelium

mass of hyphae forming the body of a fungus

Septa

internal cross-walls dividing hyphae into cells; have pores for organelle flow

Plasmogamy

cytoplasm fuses from two mating types but nuclei stay separate (dikaryotic n+n)

Karyogamy

nuclei fuse becoming diploid (2n)

Dikaryotic

having two separate haploid nuclei (n+n) in one cell

Basidiocarp

the mushroom fruiting body; dikaryotic (n+n) with gills lined with basidia

Mycorrhiza

mutualistic symbiosis between fungus and plant root

Lichen

algae and fungus living together mutualistically

Yeast

unicellular fungus that reproduces by budding; converts sugar into CO2 and alcohol

Zygomycota

terrestrial fungi; ex black bread mold

Basidiomycota

fungi with many shapes; often symbiotic; ex button mushroom

Ascomycota

found in all terrestrial ecosystems; often symbiotic; ex baker's yeast