ling 349 exam 3

questions from quizzes 11-14

The garden path theory places emphasis on the _______ rather than _______ of processing during the initial parsing phase.

speed; accuracy

Garden path sentences are those with a 

Temporary ambiguity.

Which sentence processing model/theory is supported by evidence showing integration of different types of cues?

Constraint-based model 

In the sentence "The lawyer read the file had been destroyed.", the phrase "the file" is likely to be interpreted as the object of the verb "read", when in fact it is the subject of the passive verb "destroyed". This sentence provides an example of a

temporary ambiguity

The sentence "I like Spanish food and books" could mean that I like books in general, or that I specifically like Spanish books. This sentence would be an example of a

global ambiguity

Imagine that you are designing a study to evaluate whether certain types of sentences are ambiguous and lead to misunderstanding. Which technique would permit the most natural environment for your study?

Eye-tracking reading task

According to Kamide et al.'s 2003 study, where would subjects look as they heard "The beer was drunk by..."?

Toward the person wearing a helmet, before the sentence was completed.

If a sentence continuation has "high surprisal", that means that

it has a low probability of occurring, given statistical language patterns

Which of the following sentence contains a ditransitive verb?

The results gave us quite a shock.

The figure represents the N400 values for the sentence The day was breezy so the boy went outside to fly… when subjects heard either airplane or kite as the final word. What can be inferred from the graph?

Subjects who heard airplane showed greater N400 negativity, indicating more surprise.

Which of the following can reduce or eliminate garden path effects?

All of the above.

Based on ERP studies of language predictability, which sentence would likely generate the largest N400 effect in response to the underlined word?

The runner tripped over a house. 

Which sentence processing model/theory is supported by evidence showing integration of different types of cues?

Constraint-based model 

DeLong et al (2005) proposed that the reason an N400 was observed when participants were, for example, reading the word "an" before the word "airplane" was that

participants were predicting a word that would follow "a"

In the Husband 2022 study, “cloze probability” refers to

The probability a particular continuation is produced for a context in a sentence-completion task

In a maze task, what does a participant typically do at each step?

Choose between two options (correct continuation vs distractor) to proceed word-by-word

Which regions showed significantly slower response times for the unexpected condition (vs expected)? (select all that apply) 

target noun AND target article

How were noun response times related to cloze probability?

Higher noun cloze led to faster response times (inverse relationship)

The prior ERP work discussed in Husband 2022 paper and the textbook (DeLong et al. 2005) used the a/an manipulation mainly to test whether participants were predicting what aspect of upcoming linguistic material?  

phonological form

Kay and Kempton's 1984 study investigated judgments of color similarity by speakers of English and speakers of Tarahumara, a language that does not have separate names for blue and green. They found that English speakers

differentiated more clearly than Tarahumara speakers between two colors that would be labeled blue and green in English.

The weak (Sapir-)Whorf hypothesis posits that

Perception is influenced by language

The strong (Sapir-)Whorf hypothesis predicts that those without words for a specific color (range)

will not be able to discriminate between it and another color.

Experiments showing that Whorfian effects are diminished or eliminated when the linguistic system is inhibited provide

some evidence for the causal role of language on perception, but perceptual differences between speakers of different languages seem limited.