MEC KISO

一次性能動輸送では____をエネルギーとして必要とする。

ATP

細胞骨格として、細胞内の物質輸送、また紡錘体や細胞内小器官の適切な位置への配置を担っている。他にアクチンフィラメント、中間径フィラメントも代表的な細胞骨格である。

微小管

what starts inflammation in the complement

C3a, C5a

what does opsonization

C3b

what does cell lysis

MAC

HBe antibody and HBsAb diff

HBsAb : neutralize the virus ‘s outer envelop

HBeAb : replication has slowed down but this antibody cannot kill the virus

what cytokine Treg produce

TGR-beta

IL-10

what cytokine does Th1 produce

IFN-gamma, IL-2

what cytokine does Th2

IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

C3a calls

basophil, mast cell

C5a

neutrophil, macrophage

C5a

makes the smooth muscle contract

what anaphylatoxin makes the blood vessel dillate

C3a, C5a

what type of allergies is complement involved in

type 2, 3

ツベルクリン反応，Stevens-Johnson症候群，中毒性表皮壊死症，アレルギー性接触皮膚炎，移植片対宿主病（GVHD）

type 4 allergy

when virus comes into the body what reacts first

dendritic cell

measles, rubella, tuberculosis, varicella, mumps, rotavirus,mosquitos

live vaccine

activation of eoxinophil, class switch to IgA

IL-5

Th1 secrete

IFN-gamma, IL-2, TNF-alpha

Th2 secrete

IL-4, IL-5,IL-13

Treg secrete

IL-10, TGF-beta

G-CSF

stimulate neutrophil production from the bone marrow

IL-3

造血前駆細胞（多能性幹細胞）の増殖，維持

GM-CSF

stimulate bone marrow to produce multiple myeloid cells

what chemokine attracts neutrophils

IL-8

what chemokine attract eosinophils

CCL11

CCL5

IFN- gamma is produced where and activates what

produced : Th1, CD8 T cells, NK cells

Activate : macrophages

抗体が陽性でも血清中に病原体が存在しうる．

HIV抗体，HCV抗体，HTLV-1抗体

glycolysis rate-limiting enzyme

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) ( Fructose-6-phosphate → fructose- 1,6- bisphosphate)

pyruvate kinase

PEP→ pyruvate

makes ATP

Hexokinase

glucose → glucose- 6- phosphate

use ATP

limit by G6P

3 irreversible enzymes in glycolysis

Hexokinase (Glucoe → Glucoe-6-phosphate)

Phosphofructokinase-1 (Fructose-6-phosphate → Fructose-1,6- biphosphate)

Pyruvate kinase (PEP→pyruvate)

酵素と基質の親和性を示す値はどれか．

ミカエリス定数

気体定数をアボガドロ定数で割ったもの

ボルツマン定数

酵素反応開始時における反応速度であり，基質濃度を高くしていくと上限に達する．

反応初速度

基質濃度がミカエリス定数の時の反応速度の2倍である．

最大反応速度

3 irreversible steps in TCA cycle

Citrate syntahse

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

what is rate limiting in TCA cycle

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

what is produced in TCA cycle

3 NADH

1 FADH2

1 GTP

PVY TIM HALL

Phenylalanine

Valine

Threonine

Tryptophan

Isoleucine

Methionine

Histidine

Arginine (essential in children)

Leucine

Lysine

what activate TCA cycle and gluconeogenesis

Acetyl-CoA

explain Gq-coupled GPCR receptor pathway

→ phospholipase C → PIP2 → DAG (in membrane) & IP3 (into cytosol)

→ IP3 goes to ER

急性肝不全の定義