bio final study guide

Which structure closes off the larynx to prevent food from entering the trachea?

Epiglottis

Which of the following is NOT a major branch of the aorta?

Left coronary artery

Which blood vessel serves the pinky side of the lower arm?

Ulnar

What must occur before pepsin can begin the degradation of food proteins?

A low pH in the stomach must begin to denature proteins.

Which of the following statements about the stomach is INCORRECT?

It emulsifies fat.

Which structure contains enzymes embedded in the epithelial cell membranes?

Small intestine

Where does water reabsorption from the lumen occur?

Large intestine

Which organ forms sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme leaving the stomach?

Pancreas

Which of the following is also known as the pacemaker?

SA node

Where does blood that is low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide enter?

Right atrium

Which region is line number 9 pointing to?

Femoral

Which structure prevents backflow as blood leaves the right ventricle?

Pulmonary valve

What is produced on an EKG when electric current builds up in the atria?

P wave

What is the second arterial branch off the descending aorta in the abdominal cavity?

Renal

What is the result of the release of bile from the gallbladder?

It emulsifies lipids in the small intestine.

What is the chief purpose of villi?

Increase surface area in the small intestine

Which of the following does NOT transport oxygenated blood away from the heart?

Pulmonary artery

What does it mean if a body part is above another body part?

Superior

Which organism has a four-chambered heart?

Sparrow

Which blood vessel serves the dorsal/posterior left side of the heart with oxygenated blood?

Circumflex

In which structure does mechanical and chemical digestion occur?

Stomach

What is the term for food considered a 'bolus'?

When it leaves the mouth/oral cavity

Which structure also functions as an endocrine gland?

Pancreas

Which region is line number 18 pointing to?

Umbilical

What is the correct sequence of valves through which blood moves?

Tricuspid valve, pulmonary valve, mitral valve, aortic valve

Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin?

B complex

Which blood vessel transports blood from the heart to the lungs?

Pulmonary arteries

What allows for the exchange of substances between blood and surrounding tissue?

Capillaries

Which of the following are accessory organs?

Stomach

What plane is identified by number 3?

Frontal

Which blood vessels empty unoxygenated blood into the Portal vein?

Gastric, splenic, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric

What is the very first vessel that diverges from the ascending aorta?

Left coronary artery

What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity?

Diaphragm

How does filtered lymph return to the general circulation?

Via right and left subclavian veins

What does the term proximal mean?

Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk

Which organ is retroperitoneal in the fetal pig?

Kidneys

Which structure distributes blood to the entire body?

Left ventricle

Which structures contain deoxygenated blood?

Right side structures

Where are the left and right Bundle Branches located?

Interventricular septum

Between which structures is the mitral valve located?

Between left atrium and left ventricle

Where is the papillary muscle located?

In the ventricles

Where is finishing protease (trypsin) most effective?

Duodenum

Which is NOT a function of the liver?

Manufacture new red blood cells

What is the lining membrane adhering to the inner wall of the abdominal cavity called?

Peritoneum

What tissue attaches abdominal organs to the inner wall of the abdomen?

Mesentery

Which organ is considered a vestigial organ?

Appendix

Which organ produces a solution of sodium bicarbonate?

Pancreas

Which organ releases its contents into the cystic duct?

Gallbladder

Which organ of the human digestive system is represented by Section C?

Stomach

Where may enzyme B be found?

Stomach

Which lymphatic organ/tissue is seen on the superior surface of the pig's heart?

Thymus gland

What is an essential component of hemoglobin?

Iron

What does an electrocardiogram record?

The electrical changes in the heart muscle during a cardiac cycle.

What tissue protects the surface blood vessels atop the heart?

Epicardium

Where do some T lymphocytes mature besides the thymus?

Intestines

Where are the majority of digested nutrients absorbed?

Small intestine

What is the ultimate product of carbohydrate digestion?

Monosaccharide / glucose

Where is the pyloric sphincter located?

Between the stomach and small intestine/duodenum

Which structures are part of the systemic circuit?

Left ventricle and aorta

What plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral portions?

Frontal (coronal)

What occurs if the pyloric sphincter is closed?

Acid chyme will not be moved into the small intestine.

Which blood vessel serves the liver tissue with oxygenated blood?

Hepatic artery

What is the optimum site in the body and pH level for pepsin activity?

The stomach at a pH of 2

What is the function of the spleen?

Filter blood as a lymphatic organ

What is the membrane attached to the wall of a cavity called?

Parietal

Which of the following are functions of the liver?

Absorption of fatty acids and peptides

What causes the second heart sound, 'dup'?

Closing of the semilunar valves

Which two words refer to the front of the human body?

Anterior and ventral

How do arteries compare to veins?

Carry faster moving blood

What are structures in the small intestine specialized to absorb fats called?

Lacteals

Which blood vessel feeds the large intestine with oxygenated blood?

Inferior mesenteric

What is the first major arterial branch of the descending aorta in the thoracic cavity?

Intercostal

What is the correct order that food takes through the digestive tract?

Oral cavity → pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine

Which duct opens into the duodenum through the Sphincter of Oddi?

Common bile duct

What is the correct sequence of structures that carry cardiac impulses?

SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

What plane divides the body into right and left portions?

Sagittal

Which directional term is shown by number 6?

Lateral

What plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?

Transverse

Which blood vessels return blood to the superior vena cava via the neck?

Jugular veins

What happens as the left atrial wall contracts?

The blood passes through the bicuspid (mitral) valve and enters the left ventricle.