Microbio Homework Sets for Exam 4

Which of the following may be members of the holobiont?

D) all of these may be members of the holobiont at some point- so pathogens, transient microbes, and resident microbes

Colonization will result in infection and disease if any pathogenic microbes are present

False

You may not always know you have been colonized by a microbe, but you will always know if it proceeds to an infection.

False

Which of the following may be the result of colonization with a pathogenic microbe? Check all that apply

The pathogen does not attach to the host well and is cleared by the host.

The pathogen may multiply and cause infection, leading to possible death.

The pathogen may reside as part of the resident microbiota in low numbers.

The best descriptive term for the resident microbiota is

mutualistic

When the resident microbiota prevents the establishment of a pathogen, it is called

microbial antagonism

choose the correct terms for each lettered box to complete the concept map describing the two areas of the respiratory tract and the diseases that can occur in each.

A. upper

B. lower

C. mouth

D. nose

E. pharynx

F. larynx

G. trachea

H. bronchioles

I. colds

J. pharyngitis

K. otitis media

L. tuberculosis

M. pneumonia

The normal biota of the GI tract is most diverse in the

large intestine

Testes

produce sperm and hormones

Epididymis

coiled tube leading out of the testes

Urethra

carries urine and sperm to the exterior of the body

prostate gland

produces seminal fluid

Which of the following bacteria is known to produce substances that lower the local pH?

Lactobacillus

Which part of the urinary tract has the most abundant and diverse microbiome?

lower urethra

Localized Infection

microbes enter the body and remain confined to a specific tissue

Systemic Infection

Infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids and may travel via nerves and CSF

Focal Infection

The infectious agent spread to other tissues from a local site

Mixed Infection

Several microbes establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site

Primary infection

the initial infection

Secondary Infection

An example is influenza comlicated by pneumonia

Acute Infection

Infection comes on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects

Chronic Infection

Infection that persists over a long period of time (ex. HIV)

Direct contact

syphillis from unprotected sex

biological vector

lyme disease

vehicle

salmonellosis from egg salad at a picnic

Droplet

chicken pox from one child coughing on another

Parenteral

Hepatitis B from needle sharing

Healthcare-associated

MRSA

This person had hepatitis A and recovered from the illness. However, individuals continue to harbor the virus for several years. If this individual does not practice appropriate safety measures at a job, patrons of the restaurant may become ill. This individual would then represent a

chronic carrier

What type of potential transmission is depicted by this picture?

fomite

Properly order the four stages of clinical infection

1. incubation period

2. prodromal stage

3. acute phase

4. convalescent period

The ___ is the time between an encounter with a pathogen and the first symptoms.

incubation period

The statements below describe the process of phagocytosis. Put them in the correct order in which they occur

1. Phagocytes release chemicals that attract the pathogens.

2. PRRs on host phagocytes bind to PAMPS on microbes.

3. Endocytosis is initiated forming a phagosome

4. A lysosome fuses with the phagosome forming a phagolysosome

5. Digestion proceeds as hydrolytic enzymes break down the cells

6. The residual cell debris is expelled from the cell by exocytosis.

Order the following choices to reflect the stages of phagocytosis, from the first step to the last step.

1. Chemotaxis

2. Formation of phagosome

3. formation of phagolysosome

4. killing and digestion of microbe

5. exocytosis of debris

Mitochondria contain hydrolytic enzymes.

True or False

False

__ are the precursors to macrophages.

monocytes

Which cell type is capable of phagocytosis?

neutrophils and macrophages

Phagocytosis is part of the body's nonspecific defenses.

True or False.

True

The complement system is part of the specific immune response.

True or False.

False

Phagocytes are attracted by all of the following EXCEPT

enzymes released by lysosomes

True or False. Complement factor C3b coats a bacterium and binds to C3b receptors on phagocytes, making the bacterium more susceptible to being phagocytized.

True

A __ contains hydrolytic enzymes to digest foreign bacteria.

lysosome

In phagocytosis, the digested contents are eliminated by

exocytosis

Approximately how long does it take for the contents of the phagolysosome to kill engulfed bacteria?

30 minutes

Phagocytosis exhibits a memory response similar to specific immunity.

False

Place the steps in the correct order to assess your understanding of the inflammatory reaction.

injury/immediate release

vascular reactions

edema and pus formation

resolution/scar formation

Injury Response

immediate vasoconstriction and release of chemical mediators

Vascular Reactions

Vasodilation with increased blood flow, vascular permeability, and fluid leakage

Edema

infiltration of site by neutrophils, resulting in pus formation

resolution and scar formation

repair of the tissues

Diapedesis

migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues

The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all of the following except

chills

All of the following are events of early inflammation except

macrophages appear first and begin phagocytosis

Which of the following is incorrect about inflammation?

Pyrogens cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.

Which of the following is mismatched in relation to inflammation?

Tumor-cancer

Which of the following is not a chief function of inflammation?

cause a fever

The circulating substances that affect the hypothalamus and initiate fever are

pyrogens

A person will typically experience the sensation of __ when fever is starting to occur in the body.

chills

Each of the following are benfits of fever except

it increases the availability of iron

You cut your finger dicing chicken for dinner. Which of the following is not a source of chemicals that stimulate the inflammatory response that results from the injury?

Antibody-producing plasma cells

Choose the correct term for each lettered box to complete the concept map.

A. inflammation

B. fever

C. neutrophils

D. monocytes

E. macrophages

F. leukocytes

G. lymphocytes

H. antibodies

Label the image to review the primary physical and chemical defense barriers in the human body.

Classify the terms to the correct category to review examples of inflammatory mediators and other cytokines.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines

- tumor necrosis factor(TNF)

- interleukin (IL) 1

Vasoactive Mediators

- histamine

- serotonin

Regulate Lymphocyte Growth and Activity

- Interleukin-7

- Erythropoietin

Label this infographic to test your understanding of the development of cells and cell products that compromise the host defense system.

Bloodstream

carries red and white blood cells, many different chemicals produced by the liver, and antibodies

Mononuclear phagocyte system

support network of connective tissue fibers that provide a passageway within and between tissues and organs

Lymphatic System

Compartmentalized network of vessels, cells, and specialized accessory organs that house aggregates of lymphocytes.

Extracellular fluid

fluid that fills the spaces surrounding tissue cells

Neutrophils

main phagocytes in circulation

Basophiles

parallel eosinophil function by being involved in inflammation and allergic reactions

Monocytes

Phagocytic cells that leave circulation and differentiate into macrophages

Natural killer cells

display no antigen specificity but are active against tumor and virally infected cells

A microorganism carries __ markers and a B cell carries __ markers.

nonself; self

Which of the following cells are lymphocytes?

B cells

Label the image to test your understanding of antibody structure.

Choose the correct terms for each lettered box to complete this concept map describing lymphocyte specificity and activation.

A. B lymphocyte

B. T lymphocyte

C. memory B cell

D. plasma cell

E. antibodies

F. T helper cell

G. interleukins

H. cytotoxic T cell

I. memory T cell

Complete the sentences to review the processe of T-cell activation.

T-cell activation begins when a/n APC presents an antigen fragment in association with an MHC-II molecule to a CD4 helper T cell. Once activated, helper T cells can differentiate into T helper 1 cells which will activate phagocytic cells and secretes IL-2 to help activate cell-mediated immunity. CD4 helper T cells may also differentiate into T helper 2 cells for B-cell activation, or T helper 17 or T regulatory cells for modulation of the inflammatory response. An APC may also activate a CD8 T cell when the antigen is complexed with MHC-I . These CD8 cells are called cytotoxic T cells. Activated CD8 cells will mount a direct attack on target cells through the action of perforins , which punch holes in membranes, and granzymes , which then enter through these passageways.

Fab

the two arms that bind to antigen

Fc

part of the antibody involved in binding to various cells and molecules of the immune response

Hinge Region

region between Fab and Fc that allows swiveling of the Fab

Complement binding site

site within Fc region

Disulfide bonds

holds polypeptide chains together

Opsonization

coating of microbe with antibody to enhance phagocytosis

Neutralization

antibodies fill the surface receptors on microbes to prevent its attachment to the host

Antitoxin

antibody that neutralizes bacterial exotoxins

Agglutination

crosslinkage of cells or particles into large clumps

IgG

most prevalent antibody in circulation

IgA

dimer that is a significant component of mucus and secretions

IgM

pentameric in circulation

IgD

main function is to serve as antigen receptor on B cell surface

IgE

mediates allergic responses

__ are molecules that stimulate a response by T-cells and B-cells.

Antigens

Surface receptors on immune system cells function in

identification of self/non-self

cell development

communication

T-cells

stimulate B-cells and other T-cells

Which of the following cells can be a target for cytotoxic T-cells?

viral-infected cells, transplanted cells, and cancer cells

In addition to apoptosis of infected host cells, apoptosis of lymphocytes also occurs during embryonic development.

True

In addition to perforins, which chemical(s) is/are also secreted by cytotoxic T-cells?

granzymes

A person deficient in cytotoxic T-cells may be more susceptible to cancer.

True

An individual antibody is made against

one epitope on the cell

Many different antibodies can be made against a single antigen

True