lab exam 3

Blood

■ XX XX

■ Formed Elements ~ 45% of total blood volume

– XX XX XX (XXs/XX)

– XX XX Cells (XX/XX)

– XX

■ Plasma ~ 50% of total blood volume

– Contains XX, XX, XX XX, XX, and XX XX

Blood

■ Connective Tissue

■ Formed Elements ~ 45% of total blood volume

– Red Blood Cells (RBCs/erythrocytes)

– White Blood Cells (WBCs/leukocytes)

– Platelets

■ Plasma ~ 50% of total blood volume

– Contains water, lipids, dissolved substances, proteins, and clotting factors

RBCs

■ Most common XX XX

■ Do not have a XX

■ Carry oxygen via XX

1:XX

2.XX

RBCs

■ Most common blood cells

■ Do not have a nucleus

■ Carry oxygen via Hemoglobin

1.PLATELETS

2.RBCS

WBCs

■ Types of white blood cells (listed from most common to least common)

– XX

– XX

– XX

– XX

– XX

■ Never Let Monsters Eat Babies!

WBCs

■ Types of white blood cells (listed from most common to least common)

– Neutrophils

– Lymphocytes

– Monocytes

– Eosinophils

– Basophils

■ Never Let Monsters Eat Babies!

Neutrophils

■ 3-5-lobed XX

■ XX

■ Normally, the first to

XX at the site of an

XX

■ Ingest XX and

release XX to kill

XX

Neutrophils

■ 3-5-lobed nucleus

■ Granular

■ Normally, the first to

arrive at the site of an

infection

■ Ingest pathogens and

release enzymes to kill

microorganisms

Lymphocytes

■ One XX,XX

nucleus

■ XX

■ XX WBC

■ XX Types (X cells & X

Cells)

Lymphocytes

■ One large, unlobed

nucleus

■ Agranular

■ Smallest WBC

■ Two Types (T cells & B

Cells)

Monocytes

■ XX-XX nucleus

■ XX

■ Largest XX

■ Turn into XX

■ XX presentation

Monocytes

■ Horseshoe-shaped

nucleus

■ Agranular

■ Largest WBC

■ Turn into macrophages

■ Antigen presentation

Eosinophils

■ X-XX nucleus

■ XX

■ Fight XX

infections & involved

with XX XX

Eosinophils

■ 2-lobed nucleus

■ Granular

■ Fight parasitic

infections & involved

with allergic reactions

Basophils

■ XX-shaped XX

(difficult to see due to

dark staining)

■ XX

■ Involved in XX

■ Prevents XX from

clotting too quickly

Basophils

■ S-shaped nucleus

(difficult to see due to

dark staining)

■ Granular

■ Involved in allergic

reactions

■ Prevents blood from

clotting too quickly

WHATS THIS

a neutrophil

WHATS THIS

EOSINOPHIL

WHATS THIS

LYMPHOCYTES

WHAT IS THIS

MONOCYTES

EXCERSICE 21: THE HEART

Layers of

the Heart

■ XX: Inner

layer

■ XX: Middle

muscular layer

■ XX: Outer heart

wall

■ XX XX: Outer

connective tissue that

surrounds the heart

Layers of

the Heart

■ Endocardium: Inner

layer

■ Myocardium: Middle

muscular layer

■ Epicardium: Outer heart

wall

■ Pericardial Sac: Outer

connective tissue that

surrounds the heart

1.XX

2.XX

3.XX

4.XX

5.XX

6.XX

7.XX

1.FIBROUS PERICARDIUM

HEART WALL:

2.EPICARDIUM

3. MYOCARDIUM

4. ENDOCARDIUM

5. FIBROUS PERICARDIUM

SERIOUS PERICARDIUM

6.PARIETAL LAYER

7.VISCERAL LAYER

Heart

Chambers

■ Right Atrium (RA)

■ Right Ventricle (RV)

■ Left Atrium (LA)

■ Left Ventricle (LV)

Heart

Chambers

■ Right Atrium (RA)

■ Right Ventricle (RV)

■ Left Atrium (LA)

■ Left Ventricle (LV)

1.XX

2.XX

3.XX

4.XX

5.XX

6.XX

7.XX

8.XX

9.XX

10.XX

11.XX

12.XX

13.XX

14.XX

15.XX

16.XX

1.SUPERIOR VENA CAVA

2.PULMONARY ARTERY

3.PULMONARY VEINS

4.PULMONARY VALVE

5.TRICUSPID VALVE

6.INFERIOR VENA CAVA

7.PAPILLARY MUSCLES

8.Aorta

9.PULMONARY ARTERY

10.PULMONARY VEINS

11.AORTIC VALVE

12.BICUSPID VALVE

13.CHORDAE TENTINEA

14.PAPILLARY MUSCLES

15.APEX

16. INTERVENTICULAR SEPTUM

Heart Structures: Functions

■ Valves (Mitral, Tricuspid, Pulmonary, Aortic):XX XX of XX

■ Pulmonary Arteries: Carry XX blood from the XX to the XX

■ Pulmonary Veins: Carry XX blood from the XX to the XX

■ Aorta: Distributes XX blood to the XX of the XX

■ Venae Cavae: Carry XX from the rest of the XX back to theXX

■ Chordae Tendineae: Anchor the XX to the XX XX of the XX XX

■ Interventricular Septum: XX the XX

Heart Structures: Functions

■ Valves (Mitral, Tricuspid, Pulmonary, Aortic): Prevent backflow of blood

■ Pulmonary Arteries: Carry DEOXYGENATED blood from the heart to the lungs

■ Pulmonary Veins: Carry OXYGENATED blood from the lungs to the heart

■ Aorta: Distributes oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

■ Venae Cavae: Carry blood from the rest of the body back to the heart

■ Chordae Tendineae: Anchor the valves to the papillary muscles of the heart

walls

■ Interventricular Septum: Separates the ventricles

1.XX

2.XX

3.XX

4.XX

5.XX

6.XX

7,XX

8.XX

9.XX

10.XX

11.XX

12.XX

13.XX

1.SUPERIOR VENA CAVA

2.PULMONARY VALVE

3.RIGHT ATRIUM

4.TRICUSPID VALVE

5.RIGHT VENTRICLE

6.AORTA

7.PULMONARY ARTERY

8.LEFT ATRIUM

9.BICUSBID VALVE

10.CHOROID TENDINAE

11.PAPILLARY MUSCLES

12.LEFT VENTRICLE

13.INTERVENTICULAR SEPTUM

1.XX

2.XX

3.XX

4.XX

5.XX

6.XX

7.XX

8.XX

9.XX

10.XX

11.XX

1.LEFT ATRIUM

2.BICUSBID VALVE

3.CHOROID TENDINAE

4.LEFT VENTRICLE

5.APEX

6.AORTIC VALVE

7.RIGHT ATRIUM

8.TRICUSPID VALVE

9.CHOROID TENDINAE

10.RIGHT VENTRICLE

11.INTERVENTICULAR SEPTUM

Blood Vessels

Arteries

■ Tend XX from the XX

■ XX/XX Lumen

■ XX XX XX

■ Typically contain XX blood (pulmonary arteries are the

exception)

■ Tend away from the heart

■ Circular/round Lumen

■ Thicker tunica media

■ Typically contain oxygenated

blood (pulmonary arteries are the

exception)

Veins

■ XX towards the XX

■ Contain XX

■ Typically have an XX XX

noncircular lumen

■ Typically contain XX

blood (pulmonary veins are the

exception)

Veins

■ Tend towards the heart

■ Contain valves

■ Typically have an oddly-shaped,

noncircular lumen

■ Typically contain deoxygenated

blood (pulmonary veins are the

exception)

1.XX

2.XX

1.LUMEN OF ARTERY

2. LUMEN OF VEIN

Tunica Externa

– XX XX

– Has a XX XX XX

■ Tunica Media

– XX XX

– Composed of XX XX

– May also contain XX XX in XX XX

■ Tunica Interna

– XX XX

– Consists of XX XX and XX XX XX

Tunica Externa

– Outer layer

– Has a connective tissue sheath

■ Tunica Media

– Middle layer

– Composed of smooth muscle

– May also contain elastic tissue in thicker arteries

■ Tunica Interna

– Inner layer

– Consists of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium

Xxx

1.XX

2.XX

3.XX

4.XX

5.XX

6.XX

7.XX

8.XX

1.VALVE

2.VEIN

3.ARTERY

4.TUNICA INTERNA

5.INTERNAL ELASTIC MEMBRANE

6.TUNICA MEDIA

7.EXTERNAL ELASTIC MEMBRANE

8.TUNICA EXTERNA

Systemic Arteries

Aorta, carotid, subclavian, brachiocephalic,

mesenteric, iliac arteries

Systemic Arteries

Aorta, carotid, subclavian, brachiocephalic,

mesenteric, iliac arteries

Systemic Veins

Saphenous veins, jugular, median cubital,

cephalic and basilic

Systemic Veins

Saphenous veins, jugular, median cubital,

cephalic and basilic

Veins of the

Head and

Neck

■ Internal, External, and

Anterior Jugular Veins

Veins of the

Head and

Neck

■ Internal, External, and

Anterior Jugular Veins

1.XX

2.XX

3.XX

1.BRACHIOCEPHALIC ARTERY

2.LEFT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY

3.LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY

1.XX

2.XX

3.XX

4.XX

1.FACIAL ARTERY

2.COMMON CAROTID ARTERY

3.SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL ARTERY

4.JUGULAR VEIN

1.XX

2.XX

3.XX

4.XX

5.XX

6.XX

7.XX

1.SUPERIOR MESENTERIC

2.COMMON ILIAC

3.EXTERNAL ILIAC

4.CELIAC TRUNK

5.RENAL

6.INFERIOR MESENTERIC

7.INTERNAL ILIAC

1.XX

2.XX

3.XX

4.XX

5.XX

6.XX

7.XX

8.XX

9.XX

10.XX

11.XX

12.XX

13.XX

1.SUBCLAVIAN

2.AXILLARY

3.BRACHIAL

4.RADIAL

5.ULNAR

6.PALMAR ARCH

7.DORALIS PEDIS

8.PLANTAR ARCH

9.DEEP FEMORAL

10.FEMORAL

11.POPLITEAL

12.ANTERIOR TIBIAL

13.POSTERIOR TIBIAL

1.XX

2.XX

3.XX

1.LEFT COMMON CAROTID

2.BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK

3.LEFT SUBCLAVIAN

Functions of the lymphatic system

■ XX XX

– Production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes

■ Maintain XX XX

■ Transportation of XX, XX, an XX XX

Functions of the lymphatic system

■ Immune response

– Production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes

■ Maintain blood volume

■ Transportation of hormones, nutrients, and waste products

Components of the Lymphatic

System

■ XX

– Interstitial fluid that flows through the lymphatic vessels to transport WBCs

and waste products

■ XX XX

– Collecting Vessels: return lymph to the venous system

– Lymph capillaries: return lymph to the collecting vessels

■ XX XX

– Primary & Secondary

Components of the Lymphatic

System

■ Lymph

– Interstitial fluid that flows through the lymphatic vessels to transport WBCs

and waste products

■ Lymphatic Vessels

– Collecting Vessels: return lymph to the venous system

– Lymph capillaries: return lymph to the collecting vessels

■ Lymphoid Tissues

– Primary & Secondary

Lymphoid Tissues

■ Primary (Site of lymphocyte development)

–XX XX

– XX

■ Secondary (Site of Lymphocytes residence and

response)

– XX

– XX XX

– XX

– XX

– XX XX

Lymphoid Tissues

■ Primary (Site of lymphocyte development)

– Bone Marrow

– Thymus

■ Secondary (Site of Lymphocytes residence and

response)

– Spleen

– Lymph Nodes

– Appendix

– Tonsils

– Peyer’s Patches

what is this

lymph nodes

what structure is this:

1.xx

2.xx

3.xx

4.xx

a lymph node

1.cortex

2.nodules

3.medulla

4.capsule

Respiratory

Epithelium

■ Pseudostratified

Ciliated Columnar

– Lines most of the

XX XX

– Movement of

XX and XX

or microorganisms

Respiratory

Epithelium

■ Pseudostratified

Ciliated Columnar

– Lines most of the

respiratory tract

– Movement of

mucus and debris

or microorganisms

Components of the Upper Respiratory

System

■ XX XX

■ XX XX

■ XX

■ XX XX

■ XX

Components of the Upper Respiratory

System

■ Paranasal Sinuses

■ Nasal Conchae

■ Nose

■ Nasal Cavity

■ Pharynx

Sinuses

■ Production of XX

1.XX

2.XX

Production of mucus

1.FRONTAL SINUS

2.SPHENOIDAL SINUS

XX

■ Warms and humidifies

the air breathed in

through the nose

1.XX

2.XX

3.XX

NASAL CONCHAE

1.SUPERIOR

2.MIDDLE

3.INFERIOR

PHARYNX

1.XX

2.XX

3.XX

4.XX

5.XX

1.Nasopharynx

– Superior to the soft

palate

2.Soft

Palate

3. Oropharynx

– Between the soft

palate and base of

the tongue

4.Laryngopharynx

– Inferior to the base

of the tongue

5.EPIGLOTTIS

Components of the Lower Respiratory

SYSTEM:

1.XX

2.XX

3.XX

4.XX

5.XX

1.LARYNX

2.TRACHEA

3.BRONCHII

4.LUNGS

5.BRONCHIOLES

1.XX

2.XX

3.XX

4.XX

5.XX

6.XX

1.HYOID BONE

2.THYROID CARTILAGE

3.Cricoid Cartilage

4. Tracheal Cartilage

5.LARYNX

6.TRACHEA

1.XX

2.XX

3.XX

4.XX

5.XX

1.Carina of the

Trachea

2.Main Bronchi

3.Lobar/Secondary Bronchi

4.Lobar/Secondary Bronchi

5.Segmental/Tertiary Bronchi

1.XX

2.XX

3.XX

4.XX

5.XX

6.XX

7.XX

8.XX

9.XX

10.XX

11.XX

1.RIGHT LUNG

2. LEFT LUNG

3.SUPERIOR LOBE

4.HORIZONTAL FISSURE

5.MIDDLE LOBE

6.OBLIQUE FISSURE

7.INFERIOR LOBE

8. SUPERIOR LOBE

9.OBLIQUE FISSURE

10.INFERIOR LOBE

11. CARDIAC NOTCH

XX HISTOLOGY

2.XX

3.XX

4.XX

5.XX

LUNG HISTOLOGY

2. BRONCHIOLE

3. PULMONARY ARTERY

4. PULMONARY VEIN

5. ALVEOLI

what is this?

lungs