advanced biology semester final

what is defined as a heritable change in a line of descent

evolution

the wing of a penguin and the wing of an eagle are theses types of structures

homologous structures

the plants and animals at the base of a mountain are very different from the species of the top- what is this an example of

biogeography

who is the man independent of Charles Darwin who conceived and wrote about evolution through natural selection

Alfred Wallace

an adaptation is any characteristic that makes an organism….

more suited for its environment

what category of evidence fore evolution includes evidence that the eart is old and transitional species

fossil records

what are two ways that variation can occur in genomes

sexual reproduction and mutations

what is selectively breeding for specific traits known as

artifical selection

wings of bats and wings of insects are an example of this type of evolution

convergent evolution

similarities in DNA and living organism’s genetic code is this category of evidence for common ancestry

molecular biology

in order for there to be homologous structures, what needs to be true

a common ancestor needs to exist

what process can rapidly offset the effects of genetic isolation when two populations come into secondary contact

genetic drift

what is a sever reduction in the size of a population or the number of alleles in a population due to natural disaster or a dramatic event

bottleneck effect

what is the reproduction of individuals with favoarble genetic traits that survive environmental change because of those traits, leading to evolutionary change

natural selection

what is a branch or lineage on a phylogeny

a clade

who is credited with a current system of naming animals based on a binomial nomenclature

Carl Linnaeus

what is a phylogenetic point indicating the evolution of one species into two different species

a node

what does the rule of parsimony state

the simplest explanation is the best option

a certain duck has a blue beak is an example of what

a phenotype

what is the study of how selective forces change the allele frequencies in a population over time

population genetics

when male lions reach sexual maturity, they leave their group in search of females to begin a new pride which can alter the allele frequencies of the population through what mechanism

gene flow

what is defined as aquiring traits during the individual’s lifetime

evolution

when closely related individuals mate with each other, or in breed, the offspring are often not as fit as the offspring of two unrelated individuals - why?

inbreeding can bring together rare, deleterious mutations that lead to harmful phenotypes

when males and females of a population look or act differently, it is referred to as what

sexual dimorphism

what is true about organisms that are a part of the same clade

they evolved from a shared ancestor

an adaption is any characteristic that makes an organisms what

more suited for its environment

selectively breeding for specific traits is referred to as what

artificial selection

what is the name of the transitional species, discovered by Neil Shubin’s team, that was a key to understanding how organisms made the change from aquatic to terrestrial environments

tiktaalik

what does DNA stand for

deoxyribonucleic acid

what historical contribution isolated DNA called “nuclein” for the first time

Friedrick Miescher experiments

each human cell has how many pairs of chromosomes

23

which two bases are always found in equal proportions in DNA

A and T

what describes the model of DNA replication supported by the Meselson and Stahl experiment

semi-conservative

what enzyme separated DNA strands for replication often referred to as the zipper enzyme

helicase

what is the enzyme that synthesizes daughter DNA strands from the original, conserved strand of DNA

DNA polymerase

DNA polymerase reads DNA strands in what direction

5’ to 3’

what is the name of the enzyme that adds noncoding DNA sections to the ends of chromosomes

telomerase

who discovered telomerase

Elizabeth Blackburn

what is the molecular structure of DNA

double helix

who discovered the double helix

Watson and Crick

what is photo 51 and who took the photo

the missing piece that led to the discovery of the double helix structure - Rosalind Franklin

why was photo 51, taken by Rosalind Franklin, a controversial image

Wilkins showed the image to Watson and Crick without permission - they were later awarded the Nobel Piece Prize without giving recognition to Franklin

what is a virus that infects bacteria

bacteriophage

what type of replication does DNA undergo

semiconservative

where does the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA occur at

nucleus

what are three types of mutations

point, frameshift, and chromosomal

why is Drosophila melanogaster a common laboratory organism

short generations, cheap, and smaller genome

what is the scientific name for fruit flies

Drosophila melanogaster

what is DNA structure

double stranded DNA

what does protein synthesis do

converts mRNA into proteins

what technique did Rosalind Franklin use to help determine the structure of DNA molecules along with other contributions to science

X-ray

what is the start codon of translation

AUG

what is the process of mRNA that is complementary to a gene on DNA

transcription

a codon is made up of how many nucleotides

3

what three things as mutations often caused by

toxins, chemical waster, UV radiation

what the enzyme that is used to create mRNA from DNA

RNA polymerase

what molecule is responsible for transporting amino acids to the ribosome in translation

tRNA

what is the enzyme that preserves and protects the ends of DNA strands

telomerase

initiation, elongation, and termination are steps in the process of what

translation and transcription

what enzyme seals up the gaps between Okazaki fragments forming the DNA into a single DNA molecule

DNA ligase

which enzyme relieves twisting strain ahead of the replication fork

topoisomerase

during transcription, what does RNA polymerase binds to

promoter region

which enzyme forms peptide bonds during translation

peptidyl trasferase

in eukaryotic cells, where does transcription primarily occur

in the nucleus

what are coding sequences that remain in mature mRNA

exons

what is the function of the poly-A-tail

protect mRNA from degradation

where does RNA splicing occur

in the nucleus

what is a characteristic that is shared by snakes and birds

the amniotic egg

what is a feature that feed reptiles from dependence on water for reproduction

the amniotic egg

what is a feature that is unique to mammals

the presence of hair

a myocorrhizal association is a mutualistic relationship between fungi and plants…

roots

almost every element of bird anatomy is modified for what

enhancement of flying

among vertebrates, what is the unique feature of lampreys and hagfish

the absence of a jaw

what are characterized by stinging cells used for defense and for capturing prey

cnidarians

what are the mammalian group that lays eggs

monotremes

what is the most diverse group of arthropods

insects

how do sponges differ from all other animals

they lack true tissue

nearly all _________ are aquatic

crustaceans

what type of fish are sharks and rays

cartilaginous fish

what is the arthropod skeleton composed of

chitin

there are more species of what type of animal than any other

arthropods

unique features of vertebrates include the presence of what

a skull and a backbone

what does the term “tetrapod” mean

having four limbs

most marsupials carry young embryos in a specialized compartment called what

a pouch

what is a key fossil of the transition from dinosaurs to birds that has been identified

archeopteryx

animals in the phylum Cnidaria have stinging cells called what

nematocyte

what term describes the thread like filaments that make up the body of most fungi

hyphae

what are the two types of vascular tissue found in plants

xylem and phloem

what are angiosperm plants called

flowering plants

what is an important reason fungi is used for

food source, recycling of nutrients, or source of medical compounds

what type of fungal infection is thrush an example of

parasitic

a method of consuming dead or decaying organic matter for nutrition exhibited by some fungal organisms is what

saprobic

what are living components of an ecosystem

biotic factors

soils in tropical rain forest are typically nutrient-poor due to

heavy annual rain

Resources that are not limited in supply because they can be replenished within a few years

renewable resources

Swamps, estuaries, coral reefs are examples of what

aquatic biomes

what are ecological relationship between different species that live in direct, long term contact with each other

symbiosis

Planting vegetation, ground cover, no till farming, reducing deforestation are examples of what

ways to prevent soil erosion

what is an undesirable alteration of the environment

pollution

what is an ability of an individual to adjust their tolerance to change in their environment

acclimation