Chap 11

• cell junctions

• cell to cell recognition

are what kind of signaling?

local signaling

for plants and animals they use a long distant regulator called?

hormones

most of the time animal cells communicate by using short distances(local signaling)affecting the cells nearby called?

paracrine signaling

growing and dividing in animal cells is a growth factor to which signaling?

paracrine

which type of local signaling occurs in the animals nervous system?

synaptic signaling

how do cells receive signals

• reception

• transduction

• response

the specific signaling molecule that attaches to the receptor is called?

ligand

what are the three receptors inside the plasma membrane?

• g protein-coupled

• receptor tyrosine kinases

• ion channel receptor

what are known as the largest cell surfaced receptor?

g protein-coupled receptor/GPCR

what kind of protein does GPCR work with also working as an on/off switch?

g proteins

GPCR also use which type of energy to function as an on/off switch?

GDP and GTP

which type of receptor attaches phosphates to tyrosine?

tyrosine kinases (RTK)

which receptor is sort of a gate when the receptor changes its shape

ligand-gated ion channel

proteins that are found in the cytosol or nucleus also are small and hydrophobic

intracellular receptors

bacterial cells the come together and are aggerated are called?

biofilms

when a chemical signal binds to a cellular protein at the cells surface or inside the cell is called?

reception

binding the signal molecule changes the receptor protein in a way which initiates which process?

transduction

a series of triggers of changes of different molecules is called?

signal transduction pathway

the transduced signals a specific activity which is known as the?

response

when ligands bind to two receptors causing an agitation which can also form a?

dimer

which specific molecules are allowed to flow through the ligand-gates ion channel?

NA+ and Ca2+

the molecules in signal transduction are protein kinases that act on another protein kinase to make what?

phosphorylation cascade

who is responsible for turning signals in the transduction pathway?

protein phosphates

when an enzyme removes phosphate groups from proteins this is called?

dephosphorylation

what makes protein kinases ready to be reused

phosphatases

water soluble and non-proteins molecules are called?

second messengers

what are the two most common second messengers?

cyclic AMP (cAMP) and Ca2+

what converts ATP into cAMP in response to a signal?

adenylyl cyclase

when cAMP diffuses though the cell and activates serine this is called?

protein kinase A

what pathways lead to the release of calcium

inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)

what are considered to be the “third messenger” however their are only called second messengers

IP3

what’s an example of malfunctioning growth factor

cancer

what is another popular second messenger?

diacylglycerol (DAG)

what signal pathway links them physically?

scaffolding proteins

what is caused by the absence of a single relay protein

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS)

cell suicide or a damaged cell is called what?

apoptosis

when the cell shrinks and cells parts are packaged up are engulfed by what?

specialized scavenger cells

one ligand can make what?

two responses

the main enzymes that cut up proteins that carry out apoptosis

caspases

• an extracellular death-signaling ligand

• DNA damage in the nucleus

• protein misfolding in the ER

are all factors of what?

trigger apoptosis

what is an example of apoptosis?

Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s

an unbound receptor reverts to what?

an inactive state

• amplifications of the signal

• specify of the response

• overall efficiency of response by enhances scaffolding proteins

• terminated signal

are all aspects of what?

fine tuning

To what does the term ligand refer in cell biology?

any small molecule that can bind in a specific manner to a larger one

Which of the following statements best describes how steroid hormones access their receptors within target cells?

Steroid hormones are lipid soluble, so they can readily diffuse through the lipid bilayer of the cell and nuclear membranes.

Which of the following signal transduction proteins typically functions by forming dimers after binding to a signal molecule?

receptor tyrosine kinases

Which of these extracellular signal molecules could diffuse through a plasma membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor?

estrogen

Which of the following activities would be inhibited by a drug that specifically blocks the addition of phosphate groups to proteins?

receptor tyrosine kinase activity

Which property is necessary for protein A to bind to protein B?

Protein A must have regions of shape and charge that are complementary to those on Protein B.