Ch8 International trade

India's contribution to world trade volume?

About 1% of total volume

India's external trade value in 1950-51?

Rs. 1,214 crore

India's external trade value in 2020-21?

Rs. 77,19,796 crore

Consistent feature of India's trade balance?

Imports always higher than exports (adverse trade balance)

India's exports in 2021-22?

Rs. 31,47,021 crore

India's imports in 2021-22?

Rs. 45,72,775 crore

Trade balance in 2021-22?

−Rs. 14,25,753 crore

Largest sector in India's export composition (2021-22)?

Manufactured goods — 67.8%

% share of crude and petroleum products in exports (2021-22)?

16.4%

% share of agriculture and allied products in exports (2021-22)?

11.9%

% share of ore and minerals in exports (2021-22)?

2.0%

Trend in manufactured goods' share in exports (2015-16 to 2021-22)?

Decreased from 72.9% to 67.8%

Which export sector showed significant growth?

Engineering goods

India's major competitors in engineering goods and manufacturing exports?

China and other East Asian countries

Major item contributing large share in India's foreign trade?

Gems and jewellery

Major imports in 1950s and 1960s?

Foodgrains, capital goods, machinery and equipment

When was foodgrain import discontinued?

After 1970s — due to success of Green Revolution

What replaced foodgrain in India's import basket?

Fertilisers and petroleum

Energy crisis of 1973 impact on imports?

Pushed up petroleum prices and increased import budget

Largest import item in 2021-22 by value?

Petroleum, oil and lubricants — Rs. 12,07,803 crore

Second largest import item (2021-22)?

Non-ferrous metals — Rs. 4,99,766 crore

% share of fuel (coal, POL) in imports (2021-22)?

31.6%

% share of capital goods in imports (2021-22)?

10.1% (showing steady decline)

% share of food and allied products in imports (2021-22)?

4.4% (declining)

Largest trading region for India's imports (2021-22)?

Asia and ASEAN — Rs. 29,18,577 crore

Most of India's foreign trade is carried through?

Sea and air routes

Small portion carried through land routes to?

Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Pakistan

India's number of major ports and minor ports?

12 major ports and 200 minor or intermediate ports

Who regulates major ports vs minor ports?

Major ports: Central Government | Minor ports: State governments

Port capacity increase — 1951 to 2016?

From 20 million tonnes to more than 837 million tonnes

Indian word for port in traditional port names?

Pattan

Which coast of India has more ports?

West coast has more ports than east coast

Two ports lost during Partition?

Karachi (went to Pakistan) and Chittagong (went to East Pakistan/Bangladesh)

Ports developed to compensate for partition losses?

Kandla (west) and Diamond Harbour near Kolkata (east)

Deendayal Port (Kandla) — location and specialty?

Head of Gulf of Kuchchh; handles petroleum, petroleum products and fertilisers; developed to reduce Mumbai port pressure

Offshore terminal at Vadinar developed for?

To reduce pressure at Deendayal/Kandla port

Mumbai Port — key facts?

Natural harbour; biggest port; 20 km long, 6-10 km wide; 54 berths; largest oil terminal in country

Mumbai Port hinterland?

MP, Maharashtra, Gujarat, UP, parts of Rajasthan

Jawaharlal Nehru Port location and specialty?

Nhava Sheva; satellite port of Mumbai; largest container port in India

Mormugao Port — location and significance?

At entrance of Zuari estuary, Goa; natural harbour; remodelled in 1961 for iron-ore exports to Japan

Mormugao Port hinterland?

Karnataka, Goa, Southern Maharashtra

New Mangalore Port — state and specialty?

Karnataka; exports iron-ore and iron-concentrates; also handles fertilisers, petroleum products, coffee, tea etc.

New Mangalore Port hinterland?

Karnataka

Cochin Port — location and nickname?

Head of Vembanad Kayal; known as 'Queen of the Arabian Sea'; natural harbour

Cochin Port advantage?

Close to Suez-Colombo route

Cochin Port hinterland?

Kerala, southern Karnataka, south-western Tamil Nadu

Shyama Prasad Mookerjee Port (Kolkata) — distance from Bay of Bengal?

128 km inland on Hugli river

Problem faced by Kolkata port?

Silt accumulation in Hugli river

Kolkata Port hinterland?

UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Sikkim, north-eastern states; also extends to Nepal and Bhutan

Haldia Port — location and purpose?

105 km downstream from Kolkata; built to reduce congestion at Kolkata port

Haldia Port cargo?

Iron ore, coal, petroleum, petroleum products, fertilisers, jute, cotton, cotton yarn

Paradwip Port — location and specialty?

Mahanadi delta, ~100 km from Cuttack; deepest harbour; handles large vessels; mainly exports iron-ore

Paradwip Port hinterland?

Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand

Visakhapatnam Port — unique feature?

Land-locked harbour; connected to sea by channel cut through solid rock and sand

Visakhapatnam Port hinterland?

Andhra Pradesh and Telangana

Chennai Port — built when and type?

Artificial harbour built in 1859; one of oldest ports on eastern coast; shallow waters limit large ships

Chennai Port hinterland?

Tamil Nadu and Puducherry

Kamarajar (Ennore) Port — location and purpose?

25 km north of Chennai, Tamil Nadu; constructed to relieve pressure at Chennai port

V.O. Chidambaranar (Tuticorin) Port — purpose?

Developed to relieve pressure at Chennai port; handles coal, salt, foodgrains, edible oils, sugar, chemicals, petroleum products

Number of major airports in India (2016-17)?

25 major airports

Under UDAN scheme, airports operationalised since 2017?

73 unserved/underserved airports including 9 heliports and 2 water aerodromes

Air transport advantage for international trade?

Least time for carriage; suitable for high-value and perishable goods over long distances

Air transport disadvantage?

Very costly; unsuitable for heavy and bulky commodities

Measures adopted by India to increase international trade share?

Import liberalisation, reduction in import duties, delicensing, change from process to product patents