SSD Module 3 Interactive Lessons & McLeod Article

5 years, 0 months

Most of the world’s consonants are acquired by _______ _____ (years, months) of age with 90% accuracy

Consonant Mastery

__________ _________ is often used as a metric of phonological acquisition and of phonological disorders

Plosives, nasals, and nonpulmonic consonants

Phoneme categories that are usually acquired earlier

Percentage of Consonants Correct

A technique to assess consonant acquisition; calculated by dividing the number of consonants produced correctly by the total of consonants in the sample.

Individuality

When assessing speech, one should consider speech acquisition norms and ____________.

p, b, m, d, n, h, t, k, g, w, ng, f, j

Early Sounds (2:0-3:11)

l, ch, sh, s, v, z

Middle Sounds (4:0-4:11)

r, zh, th+, th-

Late Sounds (5:0-6:11)

Consonant

Speech Maturity and intelligibility are usually measured by _________ acquisition and accuracy.

Fricatives and Affricates

Typically the last sounds to develop use the anterior tongue, such as __________ and _________

Behaviorist Model

Stimulus (speech sounds for caregivers) → Response (child’s imitation) → Reinforcement (feedback) → learning (acquisition of correct speech sound)

Nativist Model

Innate Language Acquisition Device (LAD) → exposure to language input → internalization of phonological rules → production and understanding of speech sounds

Cognitive Model

Cognitive abilities → pattern detection in speech input → hypothesis formation (phonological rules) → testing and refining hypothesis → acquisition of speech sounds

Interactionist Model

Innate abilities → environmental interactions (social communication) → learning through interaction and feedback → acquisition of speech sounds

Optimality Theory

Universal constraints → exposure to language → ranking of constraints → production of speech sounds

Linguistic Models

Focus on how children acquire and develop the sound systems of their native languages. These models are concerned with understanding the underlying structures and processes that govern speech development.

Nature Phonology

Universal phonological processes → simplified speech production → suppression of processes → adult-like speech

Distinctive Feature Theory

Distinctive features → combination into phonemes → phoneme acquisition → accurate speech production

Generative Phonology

Underlying representation → phonological rules → surface representation → accurate speech production

Non-linear (Auto-segmental) Phonology

Multi-tiered representation → segmental and suprasegmental features → interaction and spreading of features → accurate speech production

Age ranges

Understanding the typical _______ ______ for acquiring specific speech sounds allows clinicians to identify children who may have delayed or atypical speech development.

Suppressed

Knowledge of common phonological processes helps in diagnosing specific speech disorders and understanding which processes should have been ___________ at certain ages.

Intelligibility

Understanding speech sound development helps prioritize interventions for sounds that significantly impact ____________ and communication.

Phonological Awareness

We want to embed and develop ___________ __________ early on (ages 2-5)

Phonological Processes

Patterns of sound errors that typically developing children use to simplify speech as they learn to talk. These __________ ________ are part of normal speech and language development, helping young children approximate adult speech patterns until they develop motor and cognitive skills to articulate sounds correctly.

Suppression of Phonological Processes

The gradual disappearance or reduction of typical developmental patterns in speech production as a child matures and their speech becomes more adult-like. This process is part of normal speech development, where children start to produce more accurate and mature speech sounds, moving away from simplified or phonologically simplified forms.

6 years

Age of Suppression for Gliding

4 Years

Age of Suppression for Final Consonant Deletion

8 Years

Age of Suppression for Epenthesis

4 Years

Age of Suppression for Fronting

4 Years

Age of Suppression for Weak Syllable Deletion

SES, Gender, Deafness or Hearing Impairment, Age, Craniofacial Anomalies

Factors that can impact development

SES

Influences speech sound development through its impact on language exposire and access to intervention services. Children with lower ___ backgrounds may have less access to language rich environments, affecting their phonological development.

Gender

Males exhibit different patterns of speech sound acquistion compared to females.

Deafness and Hearing Impairments

Hearing difficulties can delay or alter phonetic acquisition due to reduced auditory input

Age

Younger children typically acquire speech sounds more rapidly than older individuals.

Craniofacial Anomalies

Cleft lip and/or palate, for example, impact speech sound development by affecting articulation. Surgical correction and speech therapy often improve intelligibility and artic skills.

Orofacial Myofunctional Disorders

Abnormal movement patterns and functions of the muscles of the face, mouth, lips, or jaw often affecting speech, swallowing, and breathing, can manifest as tongue thrust, open bite, lip incompetence, and improper oral rest posture.

Prolonged thumb sucking, bottle use, airway obstruction, congenital condition, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors.

Causes of Orofacial Myofunctional Disorders

Tongue Thrust

Occurs when the tongue pushes forward against the teeth during swallowing or at rest, often leading to dental issues. There are 4 types: anterior thrust, posterior thrust, lateral thrust, and multiple thrust.

Anterior Thrust

The most common type; the tongue is pushing against the front teeth when swallowing.

Posterior Thrust

The tongue pushes against the roof of the mouth, right behind the front teeth, instead of pushing forward.

Lateral Thrust

The tongue goes forward and pushes out of the sides, especially against the side teeth or the cheeks. This can be unilateral or bilateral thrust.

Multiple Thrust

The tongue might push against the teeth, to the sides, and even upwards simultaneously.

learned

Tongue thrust is a ________ habit. It could be caused by mouth breathing. It could be poor muscle tone or poor coordination.

Tongue Tie

A physical problem with the freedom of the tongue which changes the tongues range of motion

Oral Pressure

Lips are involved in articulation and maintains _____ _______ during swallowing

Lip Incompetence

Occurs when the lips don’t fully close at rest, leading to an open-mouth posture. It can result in dry mouth, mouth breathing, and altered facial development

Lip Tie

A tight or restrictive frenum that can limit lip movement, affecting breastfeeding speech, and proper lip closure.

High-arched or Narrow Palate

Often linked to low tongue posture or mouth breathing. This condition can lead to crowding of the teeth and other dental malocclusions.

Palatal Collapse

In cases of prolonged mouth breathing, the palate may fail to develop properly, leading to a narrowed upper arch and potential breathing difficulties.

Jaw Misalignment

Poor oral habits (thumb sucking, tongue thrust, prolonged pacificier use) can misalign the jaw.

Bruxism

Aka teeth grinding, can lead to abnormal wear of the teeth and strain on the jaw muscles and joints. Behaviors associated include grinding, clenching, and tapping.

Myfunctional Needs

breathing, oral posture / lip seal, swallow function, cognition

function

When assessing, analyze the ________ of their breathing, sleeping, eating, and talking.

Palate

The tongue uses the ________ as an anchor in speech. Orofacial myofunctional disorders can impact strength, function, and sometimes development.

OMDs

For _____, do an eval to assess → give them exercises to practice → assess and adjust