CD 228 Marshall University Final Exam

Brown's Stages

described 5 stages of language learning based on a child's MLU, because he felt that MLU was a good measure of a child's overall language development.

Brown's 14 Grammatical Morphemes in Order

1) present Progressive (ing)

2) preposition (in)

3) preposition (on)

4)regular plural (s)

5) irregular past tense

6)Possessive ('s)

7) uncontractable copula

8)Articles

9) regular past tense

10) regular third person singular (-s)

11) irregular third person singular

12) uncontractable auxiliary

13) Contractible copula

14) contractable auxiliary

Pronoun development begins in

stage 1-2 and fully mastered by age 5

Subjective pronoun

(I,he, she, it, they)

Objective pronoun

(Me, him, her, them)

possessive pronoun

(Mine, hers, his, theirs)

demonstrative pronoun

this, that, these, those

Reflexive forms

yourself, herself

Stage 2 pronouns

Personal pronouns(I,me, my, mine, you, it) and demonstrative pronouns emerge(this, that)

Stage 3 pronouns

More consistent use, but still making some errors. Adds your, yours, she, he we, these, those

Stage 4 pronouns

Use of they, us, hers, her, and him

Stage 5 pronouns

More consistent use of its, ours, our, him, theirs their, myself, yourself.

Stage 1 browns stages

Semantic roles and grammatical relations (12-26 months)

Stage 2 browns stages

Grammatical morphemes and the modulation of meanings (27-30 months)

Stage 3 Browns stages

Modalities of the simple sentence (31-34 months)

Stage 4 browns stages

Embedding of one sentence within another (35-40 months)

Stage 5 browns morphemes

Coordination of simple sentences and propositional relations. (41-46 months)

Comparatives and superlatives

Show up at stage 4. Superlative forms understood at stage 5 and comparatives a little later around 5 years of age.

Comparative

Words that end in the morpheme er and compare 2 things

Superlatives

Words that end in the morpheme est and compare 2 things.

Question development stage 2

Asks what, where, and why. Uses yes/no with rising intonatin

Stage 3 of Question Development

Asks who and how. Uses proper inversion

Stage 4 question development

Adds when questions

Stage 5 question development

More consistent use of adult-like questions with proper inversion. Uses tag questions.

Topic initiation younger preschoolers

May initiate topics physically (interrupt)

Topic initiation older preschoolers

Rely on verbal comments to introduce a topic outside of the here and now (learn to stop, wait for a break, and then repeat their bid for an audience)

Script narrative

Based on routine event. Most kids verbally report script by age 3.

Personal narrative

Retelling a personal experience. Skill emerges at age 2 and fully developed by age 6

Decoding x Language Comprehension =

Reading

Story retelling

sequenced events based on a plot and problem that must be solved. Around age 5.

What skills do kids need to become great readers, spellers, and writers

1. Phonemic awareness

2. Phonics

3. Vocabulary

4. Morphological awareness

5. Reading fluency

6. Reading comprehension

Writing Development end of kindergarden

By the end of kindergarten

1. Can write many letters

2. Might have difficulty with similar letters

3. Might have difficulty with letters with directional shifts (z/s)

4. Most success with initial and final consonants

5. Use invented spelling

Older elementary students writing development

1. Spells most words correctly, relying on phonics

2. Use punctuation marks and lower case and capital letters right

3. Writes in complete sentences

4. Learn to write for different purposes

5. Storybook language becomes part of writing samples

Conversational repairs development

Younger preschoolers when asked for clarification just repeat what they said with minor revision

presupposition

What a person assumes another person knows before a conversation

Figurative language

Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.

Phonological awareness

the ability to hear the distinctive sounds of letters (rhyming)

Morphological awareness

understanding how parts of words go together to make meaning

print awareness

Text is meaningful, it moves from left-to-right, top-to-bottom, recognizing environmental print.

Decoding

the process by which the receiver interprets the sender's message

Comprehension

the action or capability of understanding something

Phonics

The relationship between sounds and letters

Reading Fluency

The ability to read with appropriate speed, accuracy, and prosody

Semantic categorization

Classifying words based on meaning, relationships, and categories

Semantic function

Words that sound the same (bye, by, buy)

Phonological working memory

involves storage of phonological information in short-term memory

passive sentence

the agent that's doing the action of the verb isn't the subject of the sentence "the test was graded"

Active voice

The subject of the sentence performs the action

compound sentence

a sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions

complex sentence

A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

Examples of phonological awareness skills

-rhyming

-alliteration

-syllable segment

-onset-rime

-isolation

-deletion

-blending

Important strategies for vocabulary development

-reading

-direct teaching

-context clues

-morphological knowledge

-tools like dictionary

Domains important for reading

Phonemic awareness

Phonics skills

Vocabulary

Reading fluency

Reading comprehension

When a child is exposed to two languages before the age of 3....

They acquire them simultaneously

The language that is preferred at home and which is more highly valued in the larger community does not have an impact

True

Bilingualism does not cause developmental delays

True

Phonological errors

Patterns where an entire group of sounds share a similar error pattern.

imperative sentence

command or request

Interrogative sentence

A sentence that asks a question

Last pronouns to develop

Our,ours

Earliest pronouns to develop

I, me, mine

Decoding and comprehension are both necessary for

Reading

First of browns 14 morphemes

Ing

Using context clues is a strategy that can be used to help school age kids develop which skill?

vocabulary

A two year olds speech should be _______ intelligible

50%

Kids should be completely intelligible by what age

4

Figurative language includes

Hyperbole, sarcasm, idioms

The ability to read smoothly and with expression

reading fluency

Storage of phonological information in short-term working memory

phonological memory

Phonological awareness

Being able to recognize and segment and blend phonemes, rhyming

Phonological retrieval

Retrieval of the phonological form of a word from long-term memory; refers to the mental act of formulating and pronouncing the word

Oral language and written language have a reciprocal relationship

True

According to browns stages, what is the best indicator of a child's language development

MLU

Invented spelling, reversing letters, and spelling high frequency words are all part of

Writing development

According to the science of reading, what is the best strategy for teaching, reading, and writing development

Explicit instruction

Kids often over extend past tense ed at what stages

Stage 2 and 3

Pronouns are mastered by

Age 5

Kids in browns stages 3 are not very good at

Conversational repairs

At 18-24 months expressive vocabulary grows about

200-300 words

A 3 year old will have an expressive vocabulary of about

900-1000 words

By age 5, preschoolers use about

2100-2200 words

Preschoolers being to understand relational words before they use them

True

What is a clause

A group of words that includes a subject and predicate

What is a phrase

A group of words that are structurally or syntactically related

Sentence

A grammatically complete thought