5. Morphology of Flowering Plants

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Even though the angiosperms show such a large diversity in external structure or morphology, they are all characterised by presence of which 5 things?

1. roots

2. stems

3. leaves

4. flowers

5. fruits

The underground part of the flowering plant is the ______ system while the portion above the ground forms the ______ system.

The underground part of the flowering plant is the root system while the portion above the ground forms the shoot system.

In majority of the dicotyledonous plants, the direct elongation of the radicle leads to the formation of ________ _______ which grows inside the soil.

In majority of the dicotyledonous plants, the direct elongation of the radicle leads to the formation of primary root which grows inside the soil.

In majority of the dicotyledonous plants, the direct elongation of the __________ leads to the formation of primary root which grows inside the soil.

In majority of the dicotyledonous plants, the direct elongation of the radicle leads to the formation of primary root which grows inside the soil.

What are secondary and tertiary roots?

In majority of the dicotyledonous plants, primary root bears lateral roots of several orders that are referred to as secondary, tertiary, etc. roots.

What is a tap root system?

The primary roots and its branches constitute the tap root system.

What sort of root system does mustard have?

Tap root system.

In the majority of dicotyledonous plants, which sort of root system can be observed?

tap root system.

In which class of plants can tap root systems be majorly observed?

Dicotyledonous plants.

What is a fibrous root system?

The primary root is short lived and is replaced by a large number of roots. These roots originate from the base of the stem and constitute the fibrous root system.

In which class of plants can fibrous root systems be majorly observed?

Monocotyledonous plants.

In monocotyledonous plants, which root system is primarily observed?

fibrous root system.

Which root system is observed in wheat plants?

fibrous root system.

What are adventitious roots?

Roots that arise from a part of the plant besides the radicle.

What are the main functions of roots?

The main functions of the root system are:

1. absorption of water and minerals from the soil

2. providing a proper anchorage to the plant parts

3. storing reserve food material and

4. synthesis of plant growth regulators

What are some examples of plants that show adventitious roots?

1. grass

2. Monstera

3. banyan tree

Which root system is observed here?

Tap root system

Which root system is observed here?

Fibrous root system

The root is covered at the apex by a thimble-like structure called the ____________.

The root is covered at the apex by a thimble-like structure called the root cap.

What is the function of the root cap?

It protects the tender apex of the root as it makes its way through the soil.

A few millimetres above the root cap of a root is the region of ____________________.

A few millimetres above the root cap of a root is the region of meristematic activity.

Comment on the features of the region of meristematic activity of a plant root:

1. size

2. thickness of cell wall

3. densitiy of protoplasm

1. small size

2. thin cell walls

3. dense protoplasm

What is the function of the cells in the region of meristematic activity in plant roots?

They divide repeatedly. 👍

In a plant root, which region is present between the region of meristematic activity and the region of maturation?

region of elongation.

What is the function of the cells in the region of elongation in plant roots?

They undergo rapid elongation and enlargement and are responsible for the growth of the root in length.

The region of elongation in plant roots is between the region of meristematic activity and region of ___________.

maturation

What are the functions of the cells in the region of maturation in plant roots?

The cells of the elongation zone gradually differentiate and mature.

Some of the epidermal cells form very fine and delicate, thread-like structures called root hairs.

What are root hairs?

Some of the epidermal cells from the region of maturation in plant roots form very fine and delicate, thread-like structures called root hairs.

What is the function of root hairs?

Root hairs increase surface area to absorb water and minerals from the soil.

What is a plant stem?

The stem is the ascending part of the axis of a plant, bearing branches, leaves, flowers and fruits.

What part of the embryo of a germinating seed do plant roots develop from?

radicle

What part of the embryo of a germinating seed do plant stems develop from?

pumule

What are the two different segments of a plant stem?

1. nodes

2. internodes

What are nodes (on plant stems)?

The region of the stem where leaves are born are called nodes

What are internodes (on plant stems)?

Internodes are the portions between two nodes.

Stem is generally ________ when young and later often become woody and dark _________.

(which colours?)

Stem is generally green when young and later often become woody and dark brown.

What are the functions of a plant stem?

1. The main function of the stem is spreading out branches bearing leaves, flowers and fruits.

2. It conducts water, minerals and photosynthates.

3. Some stems perform the function of storage of food, support, protection and of vegetative propagation.

What is a leaf?

The leaf is a lateral, generally flattened structure borne on the stem.

Leaves develop at ________ of plant stems.

(nodes / internodes)

nodes

What does an axillary bud later develop into?

A branch

Which are the most important vegetative organs in plants for photosynthesis?

leaves

Leaves originate from which sort of meristems?

Leaves originate from shoot apical meristems.

Leaves are arranged in __________ order.

(acropetal / basipetal)

acropetal

A typical leaf consists of three main parts. What are these parts?

1. leaf base

2. petiole

3. lamina

The leaf of a plant is attached to the stem by the ____________.

The leaf of a plant is attached to the stem by the leaf base.

What are stipules?

A stipule is an outgrowth typically borne on both sides of the base of a leafstalk.

How does a leaf base look like in monocotyledons?

In monocotyledons, the leaf base expands into a sheath covering the stem partially or wholly.

How does a leaf base look in leguminous plants?

In some leguminous plants the leafbase may become swollen, which is called the pulvinus.

What is a pulvinus?

In some leguminous plants the leafbase may become swollen, which is called the pulvinus.

What are the functions of a petiole?

The petiole help hold the blade to light. Long thin flexible petioles allow leaf blades to flutter in wind, thereby cooling the leaf and bringing fresh air to leaf surface.

What is a lamina, or leaf blade?

The lamina or the leaf blade is the green expanded part of the leaf with veins and veinlets.

What is a midrib?

A middle prominent vein in the lamina of leaves

What are the functions of leaf veins?

Veins provide rigidity to the leaf blade and act as channels of transport for water, minerals and food materials.

What is “venation”?

The arrangement of veins and the veinlets in the lamina of leaf is termed as venation.

What is reticulate venation?

When the veinlets in a leaf blade form a network, the venation is termed as reticulate.

What is parallel venation?

When the veins run parallel to each other within a lamina, the venation is termed as parallel.

Leaves of dicotyledonous plants generally possess __________ venation.

(reticulate / parallel)

reticulate

Leaves of ______________ plants generally possess reticulate venation.

(monocotyledonous / dicotyledonous)

dicotyledonous

Leaves of monocotyledonous plants generally possess _________ venation.

(reticulate / parallel)

parallel

Leaves of ______________ plants generally possess parallel venation.

(monocotyledonous / dicotyledonous)

monocotyledonous

What does reticulate venation look like on a leaf?

What does parallel venation look like on a leaf?

What is a “simple” leaf?

A leaf is said to be simple, when its lamina is entire or when incised, the incisions do not touch the midrib.

What is a compound leaf?

When the incisions of the lamina reach up to the midrib breaking it into a number of leaflets, the leaf is called compound.

Where are buds present in simple leaves?

In the axil of the petiole.

Where are buds present in compound leaves?

In the axil of the petiole, but not in the axil of leaflets.

What is a pinnately compound leaf?

In a pinnately compound leaf a number of leaflets are present on a common axis, the rachis, which represents the midrib of the leaf.

What is a rachis?

In a pinnately compound leaf a number of leaflets are present on a common axis, the rachis, which represents the midrib of the leaf.

What is a palmately compound leaf?

In palmately compound leaves, the leaflets are attached at a common point, i.e., at the tip of petiole.

What does a pinnately compound leaf look like?

What does a palmately compound leaf look like?

In neem, are leaves pinnately compound or palmately compound?

pinnately compound

In silk cotton, are leaves pinnately compound or palmately compound?

palmately compound.

What is phyllotaxy?

Phyllotaxy is the pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch.

What are the three types of phyllotaxy?

1. alternate

2. opposite

3. whorled

What is alternate phyllotaxy?

In alternate type of phyllotaxy, a single leaf arises at each node in alternate manner.

What does alternate phyllotaxy look like?

What is opposite phyllotaxy?

In opposite type, a pair of leaves arise at each node and lie opposite to each other.

What does opposite phyllotaxy look like?

What is whorled phyllotaxy?

If more than two leaves arise at a node and form a whorl, it is called whorled phyllotaxy.

What does whorled phyllotaxy look like?

What type of phyllotaxy does china rose have?

alternate phyllotaxy

What type of phyllotaxy do guava and Calotropis have?

opposite phyllotaxy.