BIOL 10103 - Exam 3 Key Concepts

Photosynthesis

Build

Cellular respiration

Break

Transcription

DNA to RNA

Translation

RNA to protein

Gene expression

Protein production

Mutation source of variation

Mutation

Natural selection

Not random

Genetic drift

Random

Gene flow

Movement of alleles

Fitness

Reproductive success

Adaptation

Improves survival

Dominant allele

One copy needed

Recessive allele

Two copies needed

Homozygous

Same alleles

Heterozygous

Different alleles

Genotype

Genetic makeup

Phenotype

Physical traits

Locus

Location on chromosome

Mitosis

Identical cells

Meiosis

Gametes

Meiosis cells produced

4

Mitosis cells produced

2

Crossing over

Meiosis I

Independent assortment

Meiosis

Diploid

2n

Haploid

n

Somatic cells

Diploid

Gametes

Haploid

mRNA

Message

tRNA

Transfer amino acids

rRNA

Ribosome

Codon

3 bases

Anticodon

Complementary

Start codon

AUG

Stop codons

UAA UAG UGA

Silent mutation

No change

Missense mutation

One amino acid change

Nonsense mutation

Stop early

Frameshift mutation

Reading frame shift

DNA replication

Copy DNA

Helicase

Unzips DNA

DNA polymerase

Adds nucleotides

A pairs with

T

C pairs with

G

RNA uses

U instead of T

Prokaryotic cells

No nucleus

Eukaryotic cells

Nucleus

Mitochondria

ATP production

Ribosome

Protein synthesis

Chloroplast

Photosynthesis

Cell membrane

Controls entry and exit

Diffusion

High to low

Osmosis

Water diffusion

Active transport

Requires energy

Passive transport

No energy required

Endocytosis

Into cell

Exocytosis

Out of cell

Enzyme

Speeds up reactions

Activation energy

Energy to start reaction

Denaturation

Loss of shape

Homeostasis

Stable internal environment

Variation

Differences in population

Heritable

Passed to offspring

Overproduction

Too many offspring

Differential survival

Better traits survive

Population

Same species group

Evolution

Change over time

Bottleneck effect

Loss of variation

Founder effect

Small new population

Protists

Unicellular eukaryotes

Fungi

Absorb nutrients

Plants

Photosynthetic autotrophs

Autotroph

Makes own food

Heterotroph

Consumes others

Food chain

Energy transfer

Food web

Multiple chains

Producer

Makes energy

Primary consumer

Eats producers

Secondary consumer

Eats primary

Tertiary consumer

Eats secondary

Decomposer

Breaks down organisms

Energy transfer

10 percent

Carrying capacity

Max population

Limiting factor

Restricts growth

Exponential growth

Rapid increase

Logistic growth

Levels off

Mutualism

Both benefit

Commensalism

One benefits one unaffected

Parasitism

One benefits one harmed

Sex linked traits

X chromosome

Males affected more

One X chromosome