school-aged language development

Age ranges

Elementary 5-11

Middle school 12-14

High school 15-18

6 stages of reading development

Stage 0 - pre reading

Stage 1 - initial reading

Stage 2 - confirmation fluency

Stage 3 - reading to learn new information

Stage 4 - multiple viewpoints

Stage 5 - construction and reconstruction

Speech vs writing

Speech = transient, less salient, signal delays

Writing = more salient, can reread, self paced, visual memory

Situational, functional, vocabulary, grammatical differences

Reading comprehension/what it takes

The ability to understand what you are reading

Knowledge of semantics and vocabulary, ability to build a schema in your mind, context

Listening comprehension

Background knowledge

Vocabulary

Language structures

Verbal reasoning

Literacy knowledge

Word reading

Phonological awareness

Decoding

Sight recognition

What does a child need to be successful in word reading

Phonological awareness

Concept of alphabetic principle

Orthographic knowledge

Practice

Print awareness

Components of listening comprehension

Vocabulary

Background knowledge

Running inferences

Manner in which words are learned

Direct instruction

Contextual abstraction

Morphological analysis

Abstract nouns

Words that refer to intangible concepts

Adverbs

Probability/likelihood - certainly, definitely

Time/duration - finally, already, eventually

Homonyms

Words that have the same spelling/pronunication but have different meaning

The brown bear. Bear your testimony

Homophones

Words that have the same pronunication but different spelling/meaning

The rows of chairs. The rose bush

Figurative language

Non-literal/abstract. Metaphors, similes, idioms, etc

Shallow vs deep knowledge

Words can be fast mapped with contextual cues but more in depth learning occurs with more exposure

Components of writing

Vision

Left to right orientation

Fine motor skills

Formation of letters

Formation of the ideas

Selection of vocabulary

Translation into grammatically correct form

Recognition of words/sentence boundaries

Spelling

Capitalization/pronunciation

Prerequisite skills of writing

Vision

Left to right orientation

Fine motor control

Formation of letters

Narrative writing

Event based

Organized by temporal and casual relationships

Expository writing

Information based

Logical arguments

Content specific vocabulary and concepts

Persuasive writing

Supporting a claim

Anticipating counter arguments

Synthesize arguments across domains to outline argument