[PHARMACOGNOSY] PACOP VIOLET

Proverbs 16:3

A. Contains only the steroidal type of aglycone

📌Characteristics of Saponin Glycoside:

• Hemolysis of the red blood cells

• Irritating to the mucous membrane

• They have bitter , acid taste

• They are insoluble in water

1. Saponin glycosides are known for the following characteristics, EXCEPT:

A. Contains only the steroidal type of aglycone

B. Hemolysis of the red blood cells

C. Irritating to the mucous membrane

D. They have bitter, acid taste

E. They are insoluble in water

D. Both A & B

• Humulone

• Lupulone

2. The main compound responsible for the bitterness of lupulin which is used in the manufacture of beer.

A. Humulone

B. Lupulone

C. Xanthohumol

D. Both A & B

E. Both B & C

E. Rottlerin

3. Kamala, a dull reddish brown powder with characteristic globular glands and unicellular curved trichomes, contain this phlorglucinol derivative with anthelmintic property.

A. Berberine

B. Emetine

C. Quinine

D. Plumbagin

E. Rottlerin

B. C4 plants

4. The type of plant which has an additional carbon fixation system characterized by synthesizing oxaloacetic acid in the presence of light thereby reducing photorespiration and water loss.

A. C3 plants

B. C4 plants

C. CAM

D. All

E. None

B. Fucaceae

5. Alginic acid which is used as a gastroprotectant is derived from marine plants which belong to this specific family.

A. Bacillariophyceae

B. Fucaceae

C. Gelidiaceae

D. Gracilariaceae

E. Gigartinaceae

A. Citric acid

6. A tricarboxylic acid which is commercially prepared from lemons and pineapples by fermentation of sucrose.

A. Citric acid

B. Lactic acid

C. Malic acid

D. Oxalic acid

E. Tartaric acid

B. Buchu

📌Crude drugs that have cremocarp:

• Anise

• Fennel

• Caraway

• Celery

7. The following crude drugs have cremocarp type of fruit and belongs to family Apiaceae EXCEPT

A. Anise

B. Buchu

C. Caraway

D. Fennel

E. Celery

B. Morphine

8. In opium poppy, the amount of this alkaloid in the capsules is high when the latex is harvested after flowering.

A. Codeine

B. Morphine

C. Noscapine

D. Papaverine

E. Thebaine

D. D-glycero- D-manno-octulose

9. An 8-carbon sugar which was isolated from crushed Persea americana pulp and Sedum is __?

A. D-glycero- D-lactooctulose

B. D-glycero- L-lactooctulose

C. D-glycero- D-octulose

D. D-glycero- D-manno-octulose

E. D-glycero- D-gluco-octulose

D. Hellebrin

📌Cardiac glycosides with steriodal type aglycone:

• Adonitoxin

• Cymarin

• Digoxin

• Strophanthoside

10. The following cardiacglycosides have a steroidal type of aglycone EXCEPT

A. Adonitoxin

B. Cymarin

C. Digoxin

D. Hellebrin

E. Strophanthoside

B. Meconic acid

11. Alkaloids often occur in plants in association with a characteristic acid-- this is the specific acid in which opium alkaloids are commonly associated

A. Cinchotannic acid

B. Meconic acid

C. Quinic acid

D. Shikimic acid

E. Tartaric acid

C. Phenylalanine

12. The tropic acid fragment of tropane alkaloids like hyoscine and hyoscyamine is derived from this specific amino acid.

A. Alanine

B. Glycine

C. Phenylalanine

D. Proline

E. Tyrosine

B. Egconine

13. This is the basic unit moiety of cocaine alkaloids

A. Cinnamylcocaine

B. Egconine

C. Truxillic acid

D. All

E. None

C. Colchicine

📌Heterocyclic Alkaloids include:

• Arecoline

• Cocaine

• Lobeline

• Quinine

14. The following alkaloids are classified under heterocyclic alkaloids EXCEPT

A. Arecoline

B. Cocaine

C. Colchicine

D. Lobeline

E. Quinine

A. Arbutin

📌Exhibits haemolytic property include:

• Glycyrrhizin

• Senerin

• A-solanin

• Tomatin

→ Mnemonic: “GSAT”

15. The following active principles isolated from plants exhibit haemolytic property EXCEPT

A. Arbutin

B. Glycyrrhizin

C. Senegin

D. A-solanin

E. Tomatin

A. Acid saponin

16. Saponin glycoside with pentacyclic triterpenoidal

aglycone is commonly isolated in dicotyledonous

plants. What type of saponin will have this type of

aglycone?

A. Acid saponin

B. Basic saponin

C. Neutral saponin

D. All

E. None

C. Dextrates

17. A purified mixture of saccharides which contain not

less than 93% dextrose and is prepared by controlled

enzymatic hydrolysis of starch is called__?

A. Dextrose

B. Dextran

C. Dextrates

D. Liquid glucose

E. None

C. Peru balsam

📌Compound benzoin tincture is composed of:

• Aloe

• Benzoin

• Storax

• Tolu balsam

18. Compound benzoin tincture is commonly used as

topical protectant and is composed of the following

substances EXCEPT

A. Aloe

B. Benzoin

C. Peru balsam

D. Storax

E. Tolu balsam

E. Terpene

19. This specific compound is removed by distillation

under reduced pressure from the volatile oils like

lemon and orange to avoid deterioration and

development of terebinthinate odor.

A. Acetate

B. Bromide

C. Chloride

D. Oxide

E. Terpene

B. Geranyl pyrophosphate

20. A C-10 compound which serves as precursor of terpenes and is formed by condensation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethyallyl pyrophosphate.

A. Farnesyl pyrophosphate

B. Geranyl pyrophosphate

C. Neryl pyrophosphate

D. Methyl pyrophosphate

E. None

A. Agathis alba

21. The main source of Manila copal, a resin which is commonly used for varnish.

A. Agathis alba

B. Agathis australis

C. Garcinia hanburii

D. Pinus palustris

E. Pistacia lentiscus

D. Hydrastis

📌Active Principles used as DIURETIC

• Bearberry

• Coffee

• Horsetail

• Tea

22. The following active principle are used as diuretics by promoting dilation of the renal medullary blood vessel EXCEPT

A. Bearberry

B. Coffee

C. Horsetail

D. Hydrastis

E. Tea

E. A and C

• Alcohol

• Phenolic

23. Salicin which is regarded as the natural forerunner of aspirin and was isolated from willow bark is classified as _____ glycoside

A. Alcohol

B. Lactone

C. Phenolic

D. A and B

E. A and C

D. Flavonoids

24. The largest group among the naturally occurring phenolic compounds

A. Anthocyanins

B. Anthraquinone

C. Coumarin

D. Flavonoids

E. Tannins

A. D-galacturonic acid

25. Pectin, a polysaccharide which occurs in the middle lamellae of cell wall and abundant in the inner portion of rind of citrus fruits is composed of repeating units of ____.

A. D-galacturonic acid

B. D-guluronic acid

C. D-mannuronic acid

D. D-glycosamine

E. D-glucoronic acid

D

26. The following statements are true about saponin

glycosides EXCEPT

A. Saponins have high molecular weight and a high

polarity and difficult to isolate.

B. Aqueous solution of saponin produces froth.

C. Saponins cause hemolysis of the RBC when

injected intravenously and is toxic when taken

orally.

D. The steroidal saponins are more widely

distributed in nature than the pentacyclic

triterpenoidal type.

E. None

C. Diosgenin

27. The specific saponin glycoside derived from yam

which serve as precursor for the manufacture of

corticosteroid, oral contraceptives and sex hormones.

A. Hecogenin

B. Smilagenin

C. Diosgenin

D. Sarsapogenin

E. Parillin

C. Red ginseng

28. What type of ginseng is produced after the root was exposed to steam followed by artificial drying and sun drying?

A. Yelllow ginseng

B. White ginseng

C. Red ginseng

D. Orange ginseng

E. None

E. B and C

• Saponin

• Sweet

29. The dried unpeeled or peeled root and stolons of

licorice is classified under what type of glycoside?

A. Alcohol

B. Saponin

C. Sweet

D. A and B

E. B and C

D. Arbutin

📌Cyanogenic glycoside include:

• Linamarin

• Amygdalin

• Mannihotoxin

• Phaseolunatin

30. Which of the following compounds is not a cyanogenic glycoside ?

A. Linamarin

B. Amygdalin

C. Mannihotoxin

D. Arbutin

E. Phaseolunatin

B. Anthranol

31. Which of the following anthraquinone derivatives is

an isomer of anthrone?

A. Oxanthrone

B. Anthranol

C. Dianthrone

D. Aloin

E. Anthracene

C. The laxative action of the anthraquinone is

restricted to the small intestine.

32. Which of the following statement is incorrect about

anthraquinone glycosides?

A. The dihydroxy and trihydroxyphenolic derivatives

of anthraquinone have purgative property.

B. Anthraquinone derivates are usually orange red

compounds.

C. The laxative action of the anthraquinone is

restricted to the small intestine.

D. They are soluble in hot water or dilute alcohol.

E. None

D. Diarrhea

33. Aloe vera gel is usually used for the treatment of the

following EXCEPT

A. Burns

B. Abrasions and skin irritation

C. Inflammation

D. Diarrhea

E. Alopecia

B. Embden-Meyerhof pathway

34. The specific reaction which involves the anaerobic

conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid

A. Acetate mevalonate pathway

B. Embden-Meyerhof pathway

C. Shikimic acid pathway

D. Tricarboxylic acid pathway

E. None

D. Whey

35. This substance contains lactose and inorganic salts

and is considered as by product of cheese production

A. Buttermilk

B. Butter

C. Condensed milk

D. Whey

E. Yogurt

B. Karaya

36. This is the specific gum combined with frangula in the

preparation of Movicol®

A. Acacia

B. Karaya

C. Ghatti

D. Tragacanth

E. Sodium alginate

C. The aglycone portion exhibit greater activity in

the absence of the glycone

37. The following statements about anthraquinone

glycosides are true, EXCEPT

A. Their aglycones are related to the anthracene

structure

B. They are usually used as cathartic agents

C. The aglycone portion exhibit greater activity in

the absence of the glycone

D. Upon hydrolysis, the aglycone portion consists

odf a di-,tri, or tetrahydroxyanthraquinone or

modifications of these compounds

E. None

B. B amylase

38. The specific enzyme which acts on the non-reducing

ends of polysaccharide and produce pure maltose as

product when the substrate is amylose.

A. A amylase

B. B amylase

C. Dextrinase

D. Glucosidase

E. None

B. 6%

39. The % concentration of hetastarch solution which is

used as plasma expander.

A. 4%

B. 6%

C. 8%

D. 10%

E. None

D. Inulin

40. The polysaccharide which is used in culture media as

a fermentative identifying agent for certain bacteria

and for evaluation of renal functions.

A. Agar

B. Cellulose

C. Dextran

D. Inulin

E. Starch

D. Dextran sucrase

41. This specific enzyme found in Leuconostoc

mesenteroides is used to convert sucrose to dextran.

A. Dextran amylase

B. Dextrinase

C. Dextran glucosidase

D. Dextran sucrase

E. None

E. Tragacanthin

42. One of the chief constituents of tragacanth which is

more water soluble and is known as demethylated

bassorin

A. Arabic acid

B. Bassorin

C. Mannuronic acid

D. Sulfate ester content

E. Tragacanthin

C. Sesamolin

43. One of the primary constituents of Benne oil which is

contained in the unsaponifiable fraction of oil and is

an effective synergist for pyrethrum insecticides.

A. Pyrethin

B. Sesamol

C. Sesamolin

D. Stigmasnterol

E. Triricinolein

B. Hydrogenation

44. The reaction involved in the conversion of liquid oils

to semisolid fats which are used as cooking fats and

shortening.

A. Dehydrogenation

B. Hydrogenation

C. Oxidation

D. Esterification

E. Saponification

D. Salicin

45. The following is not a flavonoid glycoside?

A. Hyperoside

B. Quercetin

C. Rutin

D. Salicin

E. Vitexin

E. B and C

46. The product is formed by the action of nitric acid and

alcohol on turpentine oil after distillation with aqueous

solution of sodium hydroxide.

A. Rectified Turpentine oil

B. Terpin hydrate

C. Terpinol

D. A and B

E. B and C

A. Alprostadil

47. The prostaglandin which is used for palliative therapy

of neonates with patent ductus arteriosus and

congenital heart defects due to its vasodilating

property.

A. Alprostadil

B. Carboprost

C. Dinoprost

D. Dinoprostone

E. None

A. Lecithin

48. A substance obtain from Glycine soja which is used

to control damaged of lipid and cholesterol

metabolism

A. Lecithin

B. Soybean oil

C. Soybean cake

D. Soybean meal

E. None

D. Soybean meal

49. What is the flour sifted from decorticated, ground

seed of Glycine soja amd is used for the detection of

urea nitrogen in blood serum?

A. Lecithin

B. Soybean oil

C. Soybean cake

D. Soybean meal

E. None

E. B and C

50. What are these polyunsaturated octadecanoic acids

which are essential for human nutrition and are

referred to as Vitamin F?

A. Oleic acid

B. Linoleic acid

C. Linolenic acid

D. A and B

E. B and C

A. Acetic acid

51. Glyceryl triacetate exhibits antifungal activity through

the gradual release of this particular acid on skin in

non-irritating concentration?

A. Acetic acid

B. Formic acid

C. Salicylic acid

D. Undecylenic acid

E. None of these

E. None of these

52. Which of the following is not a plant wax?

A. Bayberry wax

B. Carnauba wax

C. Jojoba oil

D. Lac wax

E. None of these

C. They occur in specialized secretory structures

53. Which of the following statements are true about volatile oils EXCEPT

A. They have high refractive index and mostly are optically active

B. They are usually colorless but on long standing they may oxidize and become rancid

C. They occur in specialized secretory structures

D. The chemical constituents of volatile oils are derived from either terpene or aromatic compounds

E. None

C. Direct steam distillation

54. What type of distillation is employed if the fresh plant drugs are used and maceration of the plant is unnecessary?

A. Water distillation

B. Water and steam distillation

C. Direct steam distillation

D. Destructive distillation

E. None

D. A and B

55. Cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid are the principal phenylpropanoid compounds found in volatile oils which are derived from which of the following aromatic amino acids?

A. Phenylalanine

B. Tyrosine

C. Proline

D. A and B

E. B and C

C. Myrcene

56. Which among the following is an acyclic monoterpene hydrocarbon?

A. Cymene

B. Limonene

C. Myrcene

D. Pinene

E. Sabinene

D. It has stimulant effect on the heart

57. Which of the following is not true about menthol?

A. Natural menthol can rotate the polarized light to the left

B. It is prepared from Japanese peppermint oil by refrigeration

C. It is used as a topical antipruritic agent

D. It has stimulant effect on the heart

E. None

D. Eugenol

58. Which of the following principles is not derived from Eucalyptus?

A. Cineole

B. Cajuputol

C. Eucalyptol

D. Eugenol

E. None

B. Clove oil

59. Methyl salicylate can be isolated from the following oils EXCEPT

A. Betula oil

B. Clove oil

C. Gaultheria oil

D. Sweet birch oil

E. Wintergreen oil

E. Podophyllum

60. Which of the following is not a source of an oleoresin?

A. Capsicum

B. Copaifera

C. Ginger

D. Pine

E. Podophyllum

D

61. The most accurate way of identifying crude drugs

A. Organoleptic evaluation

B. Microscopic

C. Chemical methods

D. DNA barcoding

E. All

B

62. A science dealing with the study of classification, identification, cultivation and protection of crude drugs and production of effective element at molecular level

A. Botany

B. Molecular Pharmacognosy

C. Pharmacognosy

D. Systemic Botany

E. Taxonomy

D

63. The study objects of Molecular Pharmacognosy are limited to

A. Animal sources

B. Herbal drugs

C. Mineral drugs

D. A and B

E. All

A

64. The genetically modified organisms are used as ____ to produce exogenous gene encoding goods and are referred as "new generation pharmaceutical factories"

A. Bioreactors

B. Catalysts

C. Reactants

D. Substrates

E. None

C

65. The study of the correlations among genetic relationships, chemical components and efficacies of medicinal plants.

A. Plant taxonomy

B. Phylogenetics

C. Pharmaphylogeny

D. Phytochemistry

E. Pharmacognosy

B

66. An extremely complicated process from genes to biological phenotypes which serve as the core of study of secondary metabolites.

A. Aerobic respiration

B. Biosynthetic pathway

C. Glycolysis

D. Photosynthesis

E. None

C

67. In 1815, CA Seydler, a German who was referred to as the Father of Pharmacognosy used the word "Pharmakognosie" in his book titled ______.

A. De Materia Medica

B. The Historia

C. Analectica Pharmacognostica

D. Lehrbuch der Materia Medica

E. None

D

68. Adulteration of crude drugs is due to the following, EXCEPT

A. Erroneous adulteration caused by sharing of similar features or absence of distinguishable characters

B. Intentional substitution of high value material by inexpensive substances

C. Misuse caused by sharing of similar common names.

D. Identification of crude drugs through morphological histological features, chemical methods and DNA sequencing

E. Historical use of local substitutes

E

69. Chemical composition of crude drugs varies with a number of factors like

A. Growing stage

B. Harvest time

C. Locality

D. Storage condition

E. All

A

70. T-DNA is transferred into a plant tissue to induce hairy roots or crown gall formation which is mediated by this specific bacterium

A. Agrobacterium

B. Bacillus

C. Clostridium

D. Staphylococcus

E. Streptococcus

A

71. A natural vector for gene transfer in A. rhizogenes which is used in transgenic organ transformation system by specifically inducing hairy root production

A. Ri plasmid

B. T-DNA

C. Ti-plasmid

D. Vir region

E. None

D

72. The main biosynthetic pathway which produces the secondary metabolites like alkaloid

A. Acetate malonate

B. Cinnamic acid

C. Mevalonate

D. Amino acid

E. None

73. No question.

B

74. The acetate malonate pathway is responsible for the synthesis of the following compounds EXCEPT

A. Anthraquinone

B. Alkaloids

C. Fatty acids

D. Phenolic compounds

E. None

C

75. Terpenoids are generally produced through this specific pathway

A. Acetate malonate

B. Cinnamic acid

C. Mevalonate

D. Amino acid

E. All

C

76. The most important intermediate product in the biosynthetic pathway of terpenoid

A. Geranyl pyrophosphate

B. Farnesyl pyrophosphate

C. Isopentanyl pyrophosphate

D. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate

E. None

E

77. The following compounds are produced through the cinnamic acid pathway EXCEPT

A. Coumarins

B. Lignins

C. Flavonoids

D. Phenylpropanoids

E. Terpenoids

D

78. The following herbal drugs obtained from the plants characterized with alternate leaves, cymose flowers and capsule or berry type of fruits are classified under family Solanaceae, EXCEPT

A. Belladonna

B. Datura

C. Hyoscyamus

D. Poppy

E. Stramonium

A

79. The cannabinol content of Cannabis sativa is high at this stage of development

A. In old, matured plants

B. During shoot production

C. Young plant

D. A and B

E. B and C

A

80. When the opium poppy is harvested before flowering, the latex will contain more of this constituent

A. Codeine

B. Morphine

C. Narcotine

D. Heroin

E. All

A

81. The cyclic form of levulose when it is present in oligosaccharide or polysaccharides

A. Fructofuranose

B. Fructopyranose

C. Glucofuranose

D. Glucopyranose

E. None

B

82. The 8-carbon sugar which was isolated from crushed avocado pulp and from rock garden plant, Sedum is known as

A. D-gluco-octulose

B. D-glycero-D-manno-octulose

C. D-glycero-D-levulose

D. All

E. None

D

83. A nonreducing sugar commonly found in fungi

A. Lactose

B. Galactose

C. Sucrose

D. Trehalose

E. None

E

84. The following seed gums are known as bulk forming laxatives EXCEPT

A. Guar gum

B. Locust bean gum

C. Plantago

D. All

E. None

C

85. Xanthan gum, a microbial gum prepared by the action of Xanthomonas campestris is known for its _______ property which enables its use in toothpaste and ointment production

A. Dilatants

B. Plastic

C. Pseudoplastic

D. Shear thickening

E. None

A

86. In photosynthesis, what type of reaction is responsible for the fixing or reducing of carbon dioxide into sugar?

A. Dark reactions

B. Light reactions

C. Both

D. None

D

87. The following sugar alcohols are products of reductive metabolism of sugar EXCEPT

A. Dulcitol

B. Glucitol

C. Mannitol

D. Propranol

E. Sorbitol

A

88. The primary sugar which is obtained by hydrolysis of inulin

A. Fructose

B. Galactose

C. Glucose

D. Mannose

E. Sucrose

E

89. In cheese production, the liquid by-product which is formed after the addition of renin and the separation from the coagulum

A. Butter

B. Buttermilk

C. Cheese

D. Malted milk

E. Whey

E

90. Lactulose is converted to the following acids after the action of intestinal bacteria

A. Acetic acid

B. Gluconic acid

C. Lactic acid

D. A and B

E. A and C

D

91. The following are correct about nonhydrolyzable tannins EXCEPT

A. Derived from condensation of 2 or more flavan 3-ols like catechin

B. Derived from condensation of 2 or more flavan 3,4-diols like leucocyanidin

C. When treated with hydrolytic agents they form phlobaphenes

D. They readily hydrolyzed to yield phenolic acids and sugar

E. Form green colored solution with FeCl3

D

92. Pharmacologic activities of lactone glycosides are the following EXCEPT

A. Anticoagulation

B. Antispasmodic

C. Aphrodisiac

D. Cardiotonic

E. Repigmentation

D

93. The principal products of hydrolysis of salicin

A. D-glucose and salicyl alcohol

B. D-glucose and saligenin

C. D-glucose and salicylic acid

D. A and B

E. B and C

D

94. The following substances are homopolysaccharides EXCEPT

A. Glycogen

B. Inulin

C. Cellulose

D. Gum

E. Starch

D

95. The specific acid produced after the hydrolysis of triricinolein by lipases which exerts a cathartic effect

A. Linoleic acid

B. Oleic acid

C. Palmitic acid

D. Ricinoleic acid

E. Undecylenic acid

C

96. A fixed oil from the seed of Carthamus tinctorius which is used as antilipemic agent in conjunction with an adequate dietary adjustment

A. Almond oil

B. Persic oil

C. Safflower oil

D. Sesame oil

E. Sunflower oil

C

97. The only liquid plant wax expressed from seeds of Simmondsia chinensis

A. Carnauba wax

B. Bees wax

C. Jojoba

D. Spermaceti

E. None

D

98. The volatile oil of this crude drug is obtained by expression

A. Cinnamon

B. Clove

C. Peppermint

D. Orange

E. Spearmint

C

99. The dehydration and decarboxylation product of prephenic acid which leads to the formation of phenylalanine

A. P-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid

B. O-methylphenylpyruvic acid

C. Phenylpyruvic acid

D. Pyruvic acid

E. Pyruvate

D

100. The following crude drugs are classified under cardiac glycoside EXCEPT

A. Adonis

B. Convallaria

C. Dogbane

D. Green hellebore

E. Squill