Quick sheet Bio

decreased ATP/mitochondria/oxygen →

glycolysis

adaptive immunity -

B and T cells

branched

(1,6)

straight

(1,4)

nucleus:

• Contains DNA

• Controls transcription of genes

creating docking sites for the recruitment of transcription factors such as STAT1 that bind DNA through interactions with the phosphodiester backbone.

a positive amino acid would bind here

(PLP) and its isoform DM20,

isoform - look for something about splicing

PLP is a 276-residue monomeric polypeptide that is stabilized by two disulfide bonds

A purified sample of PLP is visualized using SDS-PAGE performed under reducing conditions. How many bands of different molecular weights are expected to appear on the gel?

1 - because it is monomeric

myelin -

increase the conduction speed of action potentials along an axon

Transcription =

gene expression

If transcription decreases →

mRNA decreases → protein decreases

Genes are transcribed, not

replicated, for expression

DNA and RNA nucleotides are connected by

phosphodiester bonds

highly proliferative and divide frequently

Gastrointestinal epithelial cells

If mutant transcript goes up, wild-type transcript must go

down

Transcription factors -

bind DNA, contain binding site in their promoter region.

Hydrophobic residues-

diffuse directly into membrane

• No ribosomes

• Makes lipids, phospholipids, and steroid hormones

• Detoxifies drugs/toxins (especially in liver cells)

• Stores Ca²⁺ (important in muscle cells)

smooth ER

• Has ribosomes attached

• Makes proteins

• Begins protein folding/modification

• Sends proteins to the Golgi

rough ER

smooth ER

lipids/steroids (Aldosterone, cortisol, testosterone sex hormones (estrogen/testosterone). diffuse directly into cell membrane,

rough ER

ribosomes attached,

Ribosomes attached, protein synthesis, folding, modification

talking about rough ER

Lipid synthesis, steroid hormones, detoxification, Ca²⁺ storage

talking about smooth ER

cleavage -

endomembrane system

Antibodies →

rough ER

Detoxification/alcohol metabolism →

smooth ER

Packaging/shipping →

golgi

Calcium storage →

smooth ER

Kinase -

phosphorylation; add phosphatase

facilitates proper protein folding and inhibits the formation of nonfunctional protein aggregates

chaperone

formation of vesicles for intracellular trafficking

clatherin

intron/exon

look for something about splicing

Neutral amino acid means

NO charge

Mature mRNA - contains

signal sequence

only step where nothing is oxidized or reduced 

chemiosmosis

Ion concentration- involves

Na⁺K⁺ ATPase. catalyzes ion transport through the liposome

Cholesterol rich domains -

lipid rafts

Oligosaccharides -

carbohydrates, sugars

Filtration is what type of transport

passive transport

Na/K/ATPase is what type of transport

primary active transport

Digestion, phagocytosis, degradative enzymes →

lysosomes

Hydrogen peroxide, very long FA oxidation →

peroxisome

symporter/antipoter -

secondary active transport 

Erythrocytes (RBC)

have no DNA, no nucleus

Gene transcription →

nucleus

Ribosome assembly →

Nucleolus

Albumin →

Major source of oncotic pressure

totipotent -

pluripotent -

multipotent -

totipotent - zygote

pluripotent - embryonic stem cells

multipotent - adult stem cell

• DNA binding

• Promoter

• Enhancer

• Gene regulation

• Transcription activation/repression

transcription factors

compeitive inhibition crosses on the x axis

peptidases -

digest proteins

nucleases

digest nucleotides

carbohydrases

digest carbohydrates

lipases

digest fats (triglycerides)

adding phosphate/phosphorylation causes

a negative charge, mimics acidic amino acid

phagocytotic innate immune cells specific to the brain.

microglia

The presence of which type of intercellular connections between endothelial cells of brain capillaries results in the blood–brain barrier?

tight junctions

colon

water absorption

As chloride ions have a negative charge, the entry of chloride ions into the cell will make the cytoplasm

more negative thus hyperpolarizing the cell membrane.

amber codon-

stop codon

a control

changes ONE VARIABLE

responsible for the absorption of nutrients from the diet

small intestine

Once nutrients are absorbed, they are transported to the liver via the

hepatic portal vein

Researchers have noted that chloramphenicol (a commonly used antibiotic) is becoming less effective in treating typhoid fever.

Why would an antibiotic stop working?

The bacteria evolved resistance. → look for question choice about resistance

something needs and acidic environment to work →

endosome

microfilament -

actin

melanosomes move along microtubules produced by and radiating from,

centrosome

proteins positioned at the centromere of a chromosome.

kinetechores

carboxylase

phosphate

Ca²⁺

muscle contraction

Caspases

apoptosis

Operon =

prokaryotes

One promoter →

one mRNA → many proteins.

Protein in urine =

glomerular damage

Frameshift mutations often

preserve the N-terminus but alter the C-terminus.

Location

• Cytosol

Purpose

Glucose → Pyruvate

Rate-Limiting Enzyme

PFK-1 (Phosphofructokinase-1)

Product

• 2 Pyruvate

• 2 ATP (net)

• 2 NADH

Regulation

Activated by: AMP, ADP, Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

Inhibited by: ATP

glycolysis

Location

• Liver

• Kidney

Purpose

Make glucose

Rate-Limiting Enzyme

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

Product

• Glucose

Activated By

• ATP

• Citrate

Inhibited By

• AMP

• Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

gluconeogenesis

Location

• Liver

• Muscle

Purpose

Store glucose

Rate-Limiting Enzyme

Glycogen Synthase and branching enzyme

Product

• Glycogen

Stimulated By

• Insulin

Glycogenesis

Location

• Liver

• Muscle

Purpose

Break glycogen

Rate-Limiting Enzyme

Glycogen Phosphorylase

Product

• Glucose-1-phosphate

Stimulated By

• Glucagon

• Epinephrine

Glycogenolysis

Location

• Cytosol

Purpose

Generate reducing power

Rate-Limiting Enzyme

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)

Products

• NADPH

• Ribose-5-phosphate

pentose phosphate pathway

Location

• Mitochondria

Purpose

Links glycolysis to TCA

Enzyme

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

Product

Pyruvate →
Acetyl-CoA

Produces:

• NADH

• CO₂

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

Location

• Mitochondrial matrix

Purpose

Generate electron carriers

Rate-Limiting Enzyme

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

Products (per Acetyl-CoA)

• 3 NADH

• 1 FADH₂

• 1 GTP

• 2 CO₂

Citric Acid Cycle (TCA/Krebs)

Location

• Inner mitochondrial membrane

Purpose

Make ATP

Rate-Limiting Enzyme

No single major one for MCAT

Final Electron Acceptor

• Oxygen

Product

• ATP

• Water

Electron Transport Chain

Location

• Cytosol

Purpose

Make fatty acids

Rate-Limiting Enzyme

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

Product

• Malonyl-CoA

• Fatty acids

Activated By

• Insulin

Inhibited By

• Glucagon

fatty acid synthesis

Location

• Mitochondria

Rate-Limiting Step

CPT-1 (Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase I)

Product

• Acetyl-CoA

• NADH

• FADH₂

Fatty Acid β-Oxidation

fat → acetylcoa→

ketones

Location

• Liver mitochondria

Purpose

Make ketones

Rate-Limiting Enzyme

HMG-CoA Synthase

Products

• Acetoacetate

• β-Hydroxybutyrate

• Acetone

Occurs During

• Starvation

• Fasting

• Low glucose

ketogenesis

Location

• Cytosol & Smooth ER

Rate-Limiting Enzyme

HMG-CoA Reductase

Product

• Cholesterol

Drug

• Statins inhibit this enzyme

MCAT Shortcut

Reductase = cholesterol

cholesterol synthesis

Location

• Liver

Purpose

Remove ammonia

Rate-Limiting Enzyme

Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I

Product

• Urea

urea cycle

Location

• Cytosol

Rate-Limiting Enzyme

Glutamine-PRPP Amidotransferase

Products

• Adenine

• Guanine

purine synthesis

replication and transcription happens

in nucleus

transcription happens on

ribosomes

iron-containing molecule that binds oxygen and electrons.

heme

cAMP, cGMP, IP₃DAG, Ca²⁺

G Protein-Coupled Receptor- secondary messengers

Aquaporins

collecting duct

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium-

respiratory tract 

a  loose connective tissue that binds epithelium to its underlying structures

aerolar tissue

makes up the bladder and urinary tract, can be stretched

transitional epithelium