history

seed drill

invented by jethro tull, automated seed planting

anesthetic

numbs body during surgery

enclosure acts

took away commons and sold it to private parties

cities

commons disappeared, many farmers moved here

population

improvements in hygiene, sanitation, and agriculture led to an increase in..

thomas newcomen

inventor of first steam engine

james watt

smelting

process that removes ore from mineral

iron

foundation of many machines in early industrial revolution

coal

britian had lots of this fuel used in industrial revolution

textiles

britian was lead manufacturer of this product

family home

before machinery, textiles were mostly manufactured in the..

flying shuttle

invention made weaving faster

water frame

spinning machine powered by flowing water

turnpike

private roads built by entrepreneurs that charge fees to use them

railroad

main way of transporation innovation from liverpool to manchester

urbanization

process of lots of population going from rural area to urban

tenements

large buildings full of apartments of working class families

labor unions

secret groups of workers that fought for labor rights

luddites

group that though automated texxtile machines were costing them jobs

women and children

_____ often worked in factories and mines because they were paid a lower wage

steel

this metal replaced iron because it was lighter and more durable

the bessemer process

process to get steel from iron

alfred nobel

inventer of dynamite

dynamo

machine is the basis of electrical generators

thomas edison

person perfected the light bulb

interchangeable parts

innovation made manufacturing process easier for goods with multiple components

assembly line

factory workers specialize in one part of production,

karl benz

inventor of automobile

telegraph

alloewed for coded messages using morse code to be transmitted electronically

stocks

large businesses would sell small shares in their company to raise capital

corporations

buisnesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock

monopoly

when one buisness controls the entire market for an industry

germ theory

louis pasteur showed that microbes cause disease

sojourner truth

african american suffragist fought to gain the right for women to vote

temperance movement

many women wanted alcohol to be outlawed since it was very commony

evolution

darwin’s theory of how different animals exist

natural selection

theory that the strongest specimens survive to have offspring, caused racism

social darwinism

darwin’s ideas of natural selection used in society

social gospel

idea that religious people should serve their community through charity

lord byron

author that popularized the romantic hero

romanticism

art movement that emphasized simple language, nature, etc.

charles dickens

popular author of realism movement wrote novels about victorian society

impressionism

movement sought to capture the first fleeting feelings about a scene or movement

photography

improvement of this technology caused realism painters to go to impressionism

rotten boroughs

rural towns with little population but still sent representatives to parliament

great reform act of 1832

act redistributed seats in parliament to represent the urbanized population

bejamin disraeli

head of conservative party who expanded the electorate

william gladstone

ruivals with disrael, head of liberal party helped to extend suffrage to farmers and other men

penal colonies

instead of execution, britian sent convicted criminals to these

abolition movement

movement to end slave trade

absentee landlords

british people who owned lots of ireland land, and charged high rents and were hated