Monarchs & Constitutional Monarchies

A series of 40 flashcards focused on key vocabulary and concepts related to monarchies, particularly constitutional and absolute monarchies, as well as the socio-political changes in Europe and the Americas.

Constitutional Monarchy

A form of government where a monarch's powers are limited by a constitution.

Absolute Monarchy

A form of government where a single ruler has absolute power, often justified by divine right.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that promotes government regulation of a nation's economy to increase state power.

Encomienda System

A Spanish labor system that allowed colonists to extract labor and tribute from indigenous populations.

Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and the Old World following Columbus's voyages.

Joint Stock Companies

Businesses owned by multiple investors who share profits and risks.

Spanish Armada

A fleet sent by Spain in 1588 to invade England, ultimately defeated.

Religious Dominance

The control of one religion over others within a state, often influencing politics and social structure.

Tudor Dynasty

A royal family in England that ruled from 1485 to 1603, including figures like Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.

Stuart Kings

A dynasty that ruled England following the Tudor line, characterized by conflicts with Parliament.

Parliamentary Sovereignty

The principle that Parliament has the supreme legal authority over all other governmental entities.

Spanish Inquisition

A Catholic tribunal established to enforce religious orthodoxy and punish heresy.

Religious Tolerance

Acceptance of diverse religious beliefs without persecution.

Dutch Revolt

The uprising of the Dutch against Spanish rule, leading to the establishment of an independent republic.

Petition of Rights

A constitutional document that sets out specific liberties of the subject that the king is prohibited from infringing.

Cavaliers

Supporters of King Charles I during the English Civil War.

Roundheads

Supporters of the Parliament during the English Civil War, primarily Puritans.

habeas corpus

A legal principle that protects against unlawful detention.

Glorious Revolution

The bloodless revolution of 1688 that resulted in the abdication of James II and the ascension of William and Mary.

Divine Right of Kings

The doctrine that kings derive their authority from God, not from their subjects.

Edict of Nantes

A 1598 decree by Henry IV granting religious freedom to Huguenots in France.

Palace of Versailles

The royal residence of Louis XIV, symbolizing French absolutism.

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Economic advisor to Louis XIV who implemented mercantilist policies.

Royalists

Supporters of the king during the English Civil War.

Felipe II

King Philip II of Spain, known for his role in the Spanish Armada.

William of Orange

Leader who played a major role in the Dutch Revolt and later became King of England.

St. Petersburg

The capital city that Peter the Great established to modernize Russia.

Renaissance

A cultural movement in Europe that emphasized art, science, and humanism during the 14th to 17th centuries.

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin, often in conflict with Catholicism.

Religious Wars

Conflicts primarily driven by religious differences, notably between Protestants and Catholics.

Trade Routes

Paths or channels used for the transport of goods, often integral to economic power.

Capitalism

An economic system in which trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.

Absolutism

A political doctrine wherein a single ruler holds total power over the government.

Colonialism

The practice of acquiring full or partial control over another country, occupying it with settlers.

Cultural Exchange

The exchange of ideas, values, and customs between different cultures.

International Competition

Conflict among nations for economic domination and influence.

Economic Plurality

The existence of diverse economic activities and ownership models.

Religious Backlash

Reactions against established religious practices or systems from those who reject them.

Spanish Conquistadors

Spanish explorers and warriors who colonized parts of the Americas.

Political Graft

The use of one's political authority to procure funds via unethical or illegal means.

Economic Problems

Challenges faced by an economy that can lead to inflation, debt, and lack of growth.

Social Contract

An implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits.

Taxation without Representation

A principle where citizens are taxed by a government without having a say in its policies.

Colonial Administration

The governance and management of a colony by a foreign power.