Dual BIO 160 Final Exam Practice Flashcards

70 practice flashcards for Dual BIO 160 focusing on anatomy, physiology, and various body systems.

Anatomy

Study of the structure, size and shape of the body and its parts.

Physiology

Study of how the body and its parts work or function.

Chemical level

The least complex level of structural organization, consisting of atoms and molecules.

Cellular level

The level of structural organization consisting of cells.

Tissue level

The level of structural organization consisting of groups of cells.

Organ level

The level of structural organization where different tissues are combined.

Organ System level

The level of structural organization consisting of organs working together.

Organism level

The most complex level of structural organization, representing the complete human.

Integumentary System

Forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissue from injury, helps regulate body temperature, and houses cutaneous nerve receptors.

Skeletal System

Protects and supports body organs, provides muscle attachment for movement, is the site of blood cell formation, and stores minerals.

Skeletal System Organs

Cartilages, joints, and bones.

Muscular System

Allows movement of the body, maintains posture, produces heat, and moves substances like food and blood inside the body.

Nervous System

Controls and coordinates body activities by sending electrical signals, receiving sensory information, processing it, and responding through muscles and glands.

Endocrine System

Produces and releases hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, mood, and homeostasis.

Cardiovascular System

Circulates blood to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells while removing carbon dioxide and wastes; includes the heart and blood vessels.

Lymphatic System

Defends the body against infection, returns excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream, and absorbs fats from the digestive system.

Respiratory System

Brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide through breathing, regulates blood pH, and enables speech.

Digestive System

Breaks down food into nutrients for energy, growth, and repair, and eliminates solid waste.

Urinary System

Filters blood to remove wastes and excess water to produce urine, and regulates fluid balance, electrolytes, blood pressure, and pH.

Reproductive System

Produces reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) and hormones; in females, it supports pregnancy and childbirth.

Superior

Directional term meaning above or traveling toward the head.

Inferior

Directional term meaning below or away from the head.

Ventral

Directional term meaning towards the front of the spine.

Pinna

Part of the outer ear that collects sound.

External auditory canal

Part of the outer ear that channels sound inward.

Middle ear

Also known as the tympanic cavity; an air-filled cavity within the temporal bone involved in hearing only.

Inner ear

Also known as the bony labyrinth; includes sense organs for hearing and balance.

Perilymph

Fluid in the inner ear that is moved by the vibrations of the stapes pushing on the oval window.

Round window

A membrane at the end of the cochlea used to relieve pressure.

Vestibular nerve

The nerve responsible for the sense of equilibrium.

Cochlear nerve

The nerve responsible for the sense of hearing.

Cornea

The only human tissue that can be transplanted without fear of rejection; it allows light to pass through and repairs itself easily.

Ciliary body

Smooth muscle in the eye that contracts to adjust the shape of the lens.

Iris

The pigmented layer of the eye that gives eye color and adjusts the size of the pupil.

Rods

Eye receptors that are sensitive to light and help provide good vision in low light.

Cones

Eye receptors that allow for detailed color vision.

Hair cells

The receptors for the ear (hearing and equilibrium).

Pineal gland

Gland that may control biorhythms in some animals and regulates the onset of puberty in humans; it produces Melatonin.

Thyroid gland

Gland that stimulates metabolic rate and is essential to normal growth and development; it produces Thyroxine and Calcitonin.

Anterior pituitary

Gland that stimulates growth and the secretion of hormones from other glands; it produces Growth hormone (GH).

Hypothalamus

The major area where the nervous and endocrine systems interact; it is targeted by the pituitary gland.

Pancreas

Controls blood glucose levels and determines the fate of glycogen by producing insulin and glucagon.

Adrenal gland

Gland that initiates stress responses, increases heart rate and blood pressure, and produces Cortisol and Adrenaline.

Thymus gland

Gland that promotes the production and maturation of white blood cells and is active during childhood.

Parathyroid gland

Gland that increases blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium reabsorption and activating vitamin D.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells (RBCs) whose main function is to carry oxygen; they make up $45\%$ of centrifuged blood.

Buffy coat

The layer in centrifuged blood that contains leukocytes and platelets; it makes up less than $1\%$ of blood.

Plasma

The liquid component of blood that rises to the top when centrifuged, making up $55\%$ of blood.

Leukocytes

White blood cells (WBCs) whose main function is acting as a defense against disease.

Platelets

Cell fragments needed for the blood-clotting process.

Leukopenia

An abnormally low white blood cell count often caused by drugs like chemotherapy.

-Cytosis

Suffix meaning a high count.

-Penia

Suffix meaning a low count.

-Poietin

A hormone that signals to produce something.

-Poiesis

A term meaning to make or the act of producing.

Hemostasis

The stoppage of bleeding resulting from a break in a blood vessel.

Vascular spasms

The first phase of hemostasis involving the sudden narrowing of an artery to reduce blood flow.

Coagulation

The third phase of hemostasis; a chemical event that creates a stable blood clot.

Mediastinum

The medial cavity of the thorax between the lungs where the heart is located.

Systolic pressure

The top number of a blood pressure reading that measures pressure when the heart is contracting.

Diastolic pressure

The bottom number of a blood pressure reading that measures pressure when the heart is relaxing.

Cardiac Output equation

$$CO = HR \times SV$$

Spleen

The largest lymphatic organ; it filters blood, destroys worn-out blood cells, and acts as a reservoir for platelets and RBCs.

Tonsils

Small masses of lymphoid tissue around the pharynx that trap and remove foreign bacteria and materials.

Peyer’s Patches

Lymphoid tissue found in the wall of the small intestine that captures and destroys bacteria.

Neutrophils

A type of phagocytic white blood cell that acts as a first responder.

Macrophages

A type of phagocyte that roams through tissues to ingest and eat foreign material.

Cytotoxic T cells

Also known as killer T cells; they carry out the attack on pathogens.

Helper T cells

T cells that play a supportive role in the immune response.

Cochlea

Spiral-shaped structure filled with fluid that converts sound vibrations into nerve impulses for hearing.

Semicircular Canals

Three fluid-filled loops that detect head movement and help maintain balance.

Organ of Corti

Structure inside the cochlea containing hair cells that detect sound vibrations.

Conjunctiva

A thin membrane covering the white part of the eye and inner eyelids; helps keep the eye moist and protected.

Pupil

The opening in the center of the iris through which light enters the eye.

Vitreous Humor

Gel-like substance filling the large cavity behind the lens that helps maintain the eye’s shape.

Retina

The light-sensitive inner layer at the back of the eye containing photoreceptor cells that convert light into nerve signals.

Fovea

Small depression in the macula with the sharpest vision and highest concentration of cones.

Optic Nerve

Carries visual information from the retina to the brain.

Choroid

Layer of blood vessels between the retina and sclera that supplies nutrients and oxygen to the eye.

Lacrimal Glands

Produce tears that lubricate, clean, and protect the eye.

Aqueous Humor

Clear fluid in the front chamber of the eye that nourishes tissues and maintains pressure inside the eye.