LOFTUS AND PALMER

Leading questions:

Questions that encourages a certain answer

Studies show that leading questions cause:

Response bias

Reconstructed memory:

Information after an event changing the memory of an original event

AIM-To investigate if questions asked after the event can cause ____

A reconstruction in memory

AIM-Whether the phrasing of a question could effect a participants ____

Speed estimate

exp1)Research Method

Laboratory experiment

exp1)Design:

Independent measures

exp1)Sampling technique:

Opportunistic sampling

exp1)How data was gathered:

Self report

exp1)IV:

The verb in the leading question

exp1)DV:

Average speed estimate (mph)

exp1)Sample: __ students from Washington

45

EXP 1- 45 students were split into _ roughly equal groups

5

EXP 1- Each pps watched _ films, each of a traffic accident ranging from _-_ seconds

7, 5-30

EXP 1- after each film they received a ___

Questionnaire

EXP 1-Filler questions- to prevent ___

Demand characteristics

exp1)RESULTS-Smashed:

40.4

exp1)RESULTS-Contacted-

31.8

exp1)CONCLUSION-two ways to explain the difference in the results:

1. Response bias

2. Memory distortion

exp2)Research Method:

Laboratory experiment

exp2)How data was gathered:

Self report

exp2)Design:

Independent measures

exp2)IV: verb used, smashed, hit or ___

No leading question

exp2)DV:

Whether the participant reports recalling broken glass or not

exp2)Sample:__ students from Washington

150

EXP 2- All shown the same _ minute film of a _ second crash not featuring any broken glass

1, 4

EXP 2- given a questionnaire with a series of filler questions about the accident, including a ____

Manipulated question

EXP 2- the three groups of 50:_, _ and _

Smashed, hit, control

EXP 2- this time, the manipulated question is not the ___

Critical question

EXP 2- a week later, all 150 participants completed another question are with ____ and critical question

Identical filler questions

exp2)RESULTS- __ out of 50 in the smashed condition

16

exp2)RESULTS- __ out of 50 in the hit condition

7

exp2)RESULTS- __ out of 50 in the control condition

6

CONCLUSIONS 1+2- ___ can cause reconstructed memories

Leading questions

CONCLUSIONS 1+2- two types of information which make up a memory of a complex event:

1. Information during the event

2. Information after the event