week 9 DEVELOPMENTAL

Morality

The ability to distinguish between good and bad, judge right and wrong, and adhere to social norms.

Cognitive Developmental Theory

The perspective that moral development depends on cognitive growth and that explicit reasoning provides the foundation for moral judgment.

Heteronomous Stage

Piaget's first stage of morality (ages 5-10) where children view rules as fixed, unchangeable, and imposed by authority figures.

Autonomous Morality Stage

Piaget's second stage (ages 11

) where children understand rules are flexible, created by people, and consider intentions rather than just outcomes.

Heinz's Dilemma

A famous scenario used by Kohlberg involving a man stealing a drug to save his dying wife to measure moral reasoning stages.

Preconventional Level

Kohlberg's level where morality is based on avoiding punishment (Stage 1) or personal interest and fair exchange (Stage 2).

Conventional Level

Kohlberg's level where morality is based on social approval (Stage 3) or upholding laws and social order (Stage 4).

Postconventional Level

Kohlberg's level where morality is based on social contracts and individual rights (Stage 5) or universal ethical principles like justice (Stage 6).

Ethics of Care

Carol Gilligan’s theory suggesting that while men often focus on a morality of justice, women often focus on a morality of care and responsibility for others.

Empathy

An emotional factor of morality where an observer's emotional state matches the state or situation of the person they are observing.

Instrumental Aggression

A type of aggression prominent in early infancy that gradually diminishes as children age.

Hostile Aggression

Aggressive behavior that increases with age and manifests in verbal or non-physical forms.

Growth Mindset

The belief that human characteristics, such as intelligence, can be substantially changed and developed.

Fixed Mindset

The belief that human characteristics like intelligence are fixed traits that stay pretty much the same