Biology Lecture Notes Review

These flashcards cover key concepts from the lecture notes on bacteria, archaea, cyanobacteria, and various eukaryotic domains including fungi and plants.

Domain Bacteria

Group of prokaryotic microorganisms known for their ability to reproduce by binary fission and often possess a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan.

Domain Archaea

A domain of prokaryotic organisms that are often extremophiles, thriving in extreme conditions.

Gram positive

Refers to bacteria that appear purple after Gram staining due to a thick cell wall of peptidoglycan.

Gram negative

Refers to bacteria that appear pink after Gram staining due to a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane.

Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic bacteria that are gram negative, examples include Nostoc and Spirulina.

Synapomorphy

A derived trait shared by two or more taxa, useful in phylogenetic classification.

Prokaryotes

Organisms lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, with DNA typically organized in a single circular chromosome.

Eukaryotes

Organisms with complex cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

Endosymbiosis

The process by which one organism lives inside another, leading to the evolution of organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Alternation of generations

A reproductive cycle in which organisms alternate between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte stages.

Heterotrophy

A mode of nutrition where organisms obtain their energy and organic molecules from other living or once-living sources.

Diploid (2n)

A cell or organism having two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Haploid (n)

A cell or organism having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.

Fungi Clades

Taxonomic groups of fungi including Ascomycota (sac fungi), Basidomycota (club fungi), and Zygomycota.

Protostome

An organism whose mouth forms from the blastopore during embryo development; includes mollusks and annelids.

Deuterostome

An organism whose anus forms from the blastopore during embryo development; includes echinoderms and chordates.

Ecdysis

The process of shedding old skin or an exoskeleton to allow for growth in arthropods and other invertebrates.

Ecdysozoans

A group of protostome animals that molt their exoskeleton, including arthropods and nematodes.

Pentaradial symmetry

Body plan in which structures are arranged in five parts around a central axis, characteristic of echinoderms.