GA2 Quiz 2

What does the platysma cover?

The anterolateral aspect of the neck

What is the OIAN of the platysma?

O: deep fascia covering superior parts of the deltoid and pec major

I: inferior border of the mandible

A: Tenses skin of neck

N: Cervical branch of CN VII

What is CN VII also called?

Facial expression nerve

Where does the external jugular vein begin?

Near the angle of the mandible by the division of the retromandibular vein with the posterior auricular vein.

Where does the external jugular vein terminate?

In the subclavian

What muscle does the external jugular vein cross?

SCM obliquely

What region does the external jugular vein drain?

Most of the scalp and side of face

What is the Erbs point in the neck?

Where the nerves become superficial

What is a distended jugular vein a sign of?

Congestive heart failure

Where does the anterior jugular vein arise from?

Near the hyoid bone from smaller veins under the chin

Where does the anterior jugular vein terminate?

External jugular vein or into subclavian

What regions does the SCM divide the neck into?

Anterior and posterior triangles

What is the OIAN for the SCM?

O: Manubrium and medial third of clavicle

I: Mastoid process of temporal bone

A: Bilaterally, extends head at atlanto-occipital joint, flexes neck and cervical vertebrae. Unilaterally, laterally bends ipsi-conta

N: Spinal part of accessory nerve (C2,3)

What is Torticollis-Wryneck?

Clinical condition resulting from shortening or spasmodic contractions of the SCM

What is the anterior boundary of the posterior triangle of the neck?

The SCM

What is the posterior boundary of the posterior triangle of the neck?

The trapezius

What is the inferior boundary of the posterior triangle of the neck?

Middle third of the clavicle

What does the omohyoid muscle divide in the posterior triangle of the neck?

The posterior triangle into two smaller triangles

What are the two smaller triangles of the posterior triangle of the neck?

The occipital triangle and the supraclavicular triangle

Where is the occipital triangle?

Between the SCM, trapezius, and inferior belly of the omohyoid

Where is the supraclavicular triangle?

The smaller triangle between the inferior part of the SCM, inferior belly of omohyoid, and middle third of clavicle

What are the artery contents of the posterior triangle?

Subclavian, superficial cervical, suprascapular, and occipital

What are the veins contents of the posterior triangle of the neck?

External jugular and its tributaries and the subclavian

What are the nerve contents of the posterior triangle of the neck?

Brachial plexus, spinal accessory, branches of cervical plexus

What lies between the anterior and posterior scalene?

Brachial plexus and subclavian artery

What is the OIAN for the anterior scalene?

O: Anterior tubercles of TPs of C3-C6

I: First rib

A: Bilaterally, elevates first rib. Unilaterally ipsi-ipsi flexion and rotation

N: Ventral rami of C4-C6

What anatomical relations are anterior to the anterior scalene?

Subclavian vein, transverse cervical and suprascapular arteries, and phrenic nerve

What anatomical relations are posterior to the anterior scalene?

Subclavian artery and brachial plexus

What anatomical relations are medial to the anterior scalene?

vertebral artery and vein, thyrocervical trunk

What anatomical relations are lateral to the anterior scalene?

Roots of brachial plexus

What is the OIAN of the middle scalene?

O: Posterior tubercles of TPs of C2-C7

I: Upper surface of first rib and behind groove for subclavian artery

A: Bilateral, elevates first rib. Unilaterally, flexes neck

N: Ventral rami of C3-C8

What is the OIAN of the posterior scalene?

O: Posterior tubercles of TPs of C4-C6 or C5-C7

I: Outer surface of second rib

A: Bilateral, elevates second rib. Unilateral, flexes neck

What spinal nerves form the brachial plexus?

Ventral rami of C5-T1

Where do the roots of the brachial plexus enter the neck?

The posterior triangle of the neck between the anterior and middle scalenes

What covers the roots of the brachial plexus?

Axillary sheath

Where in the neck are the divisions of the brachial plexus?

The supraclavicular triangle

What forms the cervical plexus?

Ventral rami of C1-C4

What is the cervical plexus related to?

The internal jugular vein within the carotid sheath

What are the cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus?

Lesser occipital, greater auricular, transverse cervical, and supraclavicular

What muscles do the motor branches of the cervical plexus go to?

Prevertebral muscles, SCM, Levator scapulae, trapezius, and infrahyoid muscles through the ansa cervicalis

What branch of the cervical plexus is the only motor nerve supply to the diaphragm

Phrenic nerve

What is the ansa cervicalis?

A nerve loop formed from two roots

What are the two nerve roots of the ansa cervicalis?

Superior and inferior roots

What is the superior root of the ansa cervicalis?

A branch from C1 that joins the hypoglossal nerve then separates to form the superior root

What is the inferior root of the ansa cervicalis?

Made of the descending cervical nerve which carries C2 and C3 fibers

What is the anterior boundary of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Midline of the neck

What is the posterior boundary of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Anterior border of the SCM

What is the superior boundary of the anterior triangle of the neck?

Lower margin of mandible

What make the divisions of the anterior triangle of the neck?

The anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric muscle and superior belly of omohyoid muscle

What are the boundaries of the submental triangle?

Midline of neck, anterior belly of digastric muscle, and body of hyoid bone

What are the contents of the submental triangle?

Lymph nodes and beginning of anterior jugular vein

What are the boundaries of the submandibular/ digastric triangle?

Anterior and posterior belly of digastric, lower border of mandible

What are the three musketeers of the carotid triangle?

Common carotid artery, vagus nerve, and internal jugular vein

What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?

Superior belly of omohyoid, anterior border of SCM, and posterior belly of digastric

What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle?

Midline of neck, anterior border of SCM, superior belly of omohyoid

What is the action of the suprahyoid muscles?

Elevates hyoid

What is the action of the infrahyoid muscles?

Depresses hyoid

What are all the suprahyoid muscles?

Digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, and geniohyoid

What are all the infrahyoid muscles?

Omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohoid

What is the OIAN of the Digastric muscle?

O: By posterior belly into digastric fossa of mastoid process

I: By anterior belly into digastric fossa of mandible

A: Depresses mandible or elevates hyoid bone

N: Posterior belly by facial nerve and Anterior belly by nerve to mylohyoid

What is the OIAN of the stylohyoid muscle?

O: styloid process of temporal bone

I: Hyoid bone at junction of body and greater cornu

A: Elevates hyoid bone

N: Facial nerve

What pierces the stylohyoid muscle?

Near the insertion by the tendon of the digastric muscle

What is the OIAN of the mylohyoid?

O: mylohyoid line of the mandible

I: Posterior fibers insert into body of hyoid bone. Anterior fibers insert into fibrous raphe

A: Elevates hyoid bone when mandible is fixed, depresses mandible when hyoid bone is fixed

N: Mylohyoid nerve, branch of trigeminal

What is the OIAN of the geniohyoid muscle?

O: Inferior mental spine of mandible (Genial tubercle)

I: Body of hyoid bone

A: Elevates and pulls forward hyoid bone when mandible is fixed, depressed mandible when hyoid is fixed

N: Branch of anterior ramus of C1 carried along hypoglossal nerve

What muscle has two bellies (superior and inferior) connected by an intermediate tendon deep to SCM?

Omohyoid muscle

What is the OIAN of the omohyoid muscle?

O: Through inferior belly from upper margin of scapula and suprascapular ligament

I: Through superior belly into inferior border of body of hyoid bone

A: Depresses hyoid bone

N: Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)

What is the OIAN of the sternohyoid muscle?

O: Posterior surface of manubrium sterni and adjoining medial portion of clavicle

I: lower border of body of hyoid bone

N: Ansa cervicalis

A: depresses hyoid bone

What is the OIAN of the sternothyroid bone?

O: posterior surface of manubrium sterni and adjoining portion of clavicle

I: Oblique line of thyroid cartilage

A: Depresses larynx

N: Ansa cervicalis

What is the OIAN of the thyrohyoid muscle?

O: oblique line of thyroid cartilage

I: Lower border of body of hyoid bone

A: Depresses hyoid bone or elevates larynx

N: C1 nerve through hypoglossal nerve (XII)

What three muscles are innervated by the ansa cervicalis in the infrahyoid muscles?

Omohyoid, sternohyoid, and sternothyroid

What arteries does the anterior cervical region?

Carotid system of arteries

What arteries make up the carotid system?

Common carotid and its terminal branches: the internal and external carotid arteries

What are the main vessels in the carotid triangle?

The common carotid and one of its terminal branches, the internal carotid

Branch of the external carotid also originates from where?

Carotid triangle

What structures are contained within the carotid sheath?

Common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve

When the carotid artery terminates, what does it divide into?

internal and external carotid arteries

What carotid artery has no branches in the neck?

Internal carotid artery

What carotid artery has several branches in the neck?

External carotid

What is the role of baroreceptors?

To help control BP

Where are the baroreceptors located?

The carotid sinus at the beginning of the internal carotid artery

Where are the chemoreceptors located?

The carotid body

What nerve innervates the chemo and baroreceptors?

Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

Where does the internal carotid artery enter the skull?

Through the carotid canal

What is the main blood supply for the brain and orbital cavity?

Internal carotid artery

What terminal branches does the external carotid artery divide into?

Superficial temporal and maxillary arteries

What do branches of the superior thyroid artery go to?

SCM and superior laryngeal artery

Where does the lingual artery originate from?

The external carotid artery opposite the tip of the greater horn of hyoid bone

Where does the facial artery originate and travel?

External carotid artery and arches upwards against body of mandible to face

Where does the ascending pharyngeal artery arise from?

External carotid artery between it and the internal carotid artery

Where does the occipital artery arise from and supply?

Posterior surface of external carotid artery and supplies back of scalp

Where does the posterior auricular artery arise from and supply?

Posterior surface of external carotid artery and supplies back of scalp and auricle of ear

What branches does the superficial temporal artery give off?

Transverse facial, frontal, and temporal

Where does the maxillary artery travel?

Anteriorly and medially to the neck of mandible entering infratemporal fossa

Where does the right subclavian artery arise from?

Brachiocephalic artery, posterior to right SC joint

Where does the left subclavian artery arise from?

Aortic arch entering root of neck posterior to left SC joint

What muscle do both right and left subclavian arteries arch superiorly, inferiorly, and pass laterally?

Posterior to the anterior scalene muscle

What muscle divides the subclavian artery into three parts?

Anterior scalene

What are the branches of the first part of the subclavian artery?

Vertebral artery, thyrocervical artery, and internal thoracic artery

What are the branches of the thyrocervical artery?

Inferior thyroid, transverse cervical, and suprascapular

What are the branches of the second part of the subclavian artery?

Costocervical trrunk