Vet 300 Chapter 17

Pharmacology

The study of the nature, uses, and effects of drugs

Prescription Drug

A medication that may be purchased by prescription or from a licensed professional

Over-the-counter drug

A medication that may be purchased without a prescription

Generic drug (nonproprietary drug)

A medication not protected by a brand-name or trademark

Agonist

Substance that produces effect by binding to an appropriate receptor

Antagonist

Substance that inhibits a specific action by binding with a particular receptor instead of allowing the agonist to bind to the receptor

Antiserum

serum containing specific antibodies extracted from a hyperimmunized animal, or an animal that has been infected with the microorganisms containing antigen

Antitoxin

specific antiserum aimed at a poison that contains a concentration of antibodies extracted from the serum or plasma of a healthy animal

Bacterin

bacterial vaccine

Chelated

bound to and precipitated out of solution

Contraindication

recommendation not to use

Diffusion

Movement of solutes from an area of high concentration of particles to one of lower concentration of particles

Dosage

Amount of medication based on units per weight of animal (such as 10 mg/lb and 2mg/kg)

Dosage interval

time between administrations of a drug (such as bid or q12h)

Dose

Amount of medication measured (such as milligrams, milliliters, units, and grams)

Drug

agent used to diagnose, prevent, or treat a disease

Efficacy

extent to which a drug causes the intended effects; effectiveness

Endogenous

originating within the body

Exogenous

originating outside the body

Hydrophilic

water loving; ionized form

Hyperkalemia

excessive level of blood potassium

Hypernatremia

excessive level of blood sodium

Hypertonic solution

Solution that has more particles than the solution or cell to which is being compared. The tonicity of solutions usually is compared to blood cells

Hypokalemia

deficiency of blood potassium

Hypoatremia

deficiency of blood sodium

Hypotonic solution

Solution that has fewer particles than the solution or cell to which it is being compared

Hypovolemia

low circulating blood volume

Ionized

electrically charged

Isotonic solution

Solution that has equal particles to the solution or cell to which it is being compared

Lipophilic

fat-loving; nonionized form

Monovalent

vaccine, antiserum, or antitoxin developed specifically for a single antigen or organism

Nonionized

not charged electrically

Osmosis

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane along its concentration gradient

Pharmacodynamics

physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action

Pharmacogenomics

study of the impact of genetic variation on drug effects with hopes of achieving "personalized medicine"

Pharmacokinetics

Movement of drugs or chemicals; consist of absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and elimination

Placebo

Inactive substance that is given for its suggestive effects or substance used as a control in an experimental setting

Polyvalent

vaccine, antiserum, or antitoxin that is active against multiple antigens or organisms; mixed vaccine

Prevention (prophylaxis)

avoidance

Regimen

course of treatment

Turgor

degree of fullness or rigidity caused by fluid content

Vaccine

Product containing a disease-causing organism or antigen administered to stimulate the production of antibodies to fight infection; can be live, modified life, or killed

Live vaccine

The pathogen injected into your body is alive, but weakened.

Modified live vaccine

Disease causing organism has been chemically or thermally altered to make it less pathogenic

Killed vaccine

Disease causing organism is dead and cannot reproduce in an animals body

inhalation administration

Vapors and gases taken into the nose and mouth and absorbed into the bloodstream to the lungs

Intra-arterial administration (IA)

Within the artery

Intradermal (ID) administration

Within the skin

Intramuscular (IM) administration

within the muscle

Intraocular administration

Within the eye

Intraosseous administration

Within the bone (medullary cavity of long bone)

Intraperitoneal (IP) administration

Within the peritoneal cavity

Intrathecal (IT) administration

Within a sheath; injection of a substance through the spinal cord and into the subarachnoid space

Thec/o

Combining form for Sheath

Intratrachel administration

Within the trachea, or windpipe

Intravenous (IV) administration

Within the vein of

Nebulization

process of making a fine mist; a method of drug administration

Nonparenteral administration

administration via the gastrointestinal tract

Oral (Po or p.o.) administration

By mouth

Nothing orally Abbreviation

NPO or n.p.o

Parenteral administration

through routes other than the gastrointestinal tract

Percutaneous administration

through the skin

Rectal administration

By rectum

Subcutaneous (SQ, SC, subq) administration

Under the skin, or dermal layer

Sublingual administration

Under the tongue

Transdermal administration

Across the skin. Medication is stored in a patch placed on the skin, and medication is absorbed through the skin

Analgesic

Substance that relieves pain without affecting consciousness

Anesthetic

Substance that produces a lack of sensation

Antacid

Substance that neutralizes stomach acid

Anthelmintic

Substance that works against intestinal worms

Antibody

Substance that inhibits the growth of or kills bacteria. Can be bacteriostatic or bactericidal.

Bacteriostatic antibody

Controls bacteria growth, inhibits bacterial replication

Bactericidal antibody

Kills bacteria

Anticoagulant

Substance that inhibits clot formation

Anticonvulsant

Substance that prevents seizures

Antidiarrheal

Substance that prevents watery, frequent bowel movement

Antiemetic

Substance that prevents vomiting

Antineoplastic agent

substance that treats neoplasms; usually used against malignancies

Antipruritic agent

substance that controls itching

Antipyretic

substance that reduces fever

Antiseptic

chemical agent that kills or prevents the growth of microorganisms on living tissue

Antitussive

substance that reduces coughing

Asepsis

state without infection

Chronotrope

substance that changes heart rate. Positive chronotropes increase heart rate, while negative chronotropes decrease heart rate

Cytotoxic agent

substance that kills or damages cells

Disinfectant

chemical agent that kills or prevents the growth of microorganisms on inanimate objects

Emetic

substance that induces vomiting

Endectocide

agent that kills both internal and external parasites

Immunosuppressant

substance that prevents or decreases the body's reaction to invasion by disease or foreign material

Inotrope

substance affecting muscle contraction. Positive inotropes increase myocardial contractility, while negative inotropes decrease myocardial contractility.

Miotic agent

substance used to constrict the pupils

Mucolytic

substance that breaks up mucus and reduces its viscosity

Mydriatic agent

substance used to dilate the pupils

Sterilize

to destroy all organisms including bacterial endospores

Esthes or -esthesia

Sensations in general

Alges, -algesia, -dys, or -dynia

Pain (acute or chronic)

Hyperesthesia

Too much sensation

Hypoesthesia

Too little sensation

Hyperalgesia

Too much pain

Hypoalgesia

Too little pain