Maneuvering and Hazards

Coordinated Turn

ball centered

Slip

insufficient rudder Ball is same as turn

Skid

too much rudder ball opposite to turn

In a slip, turn radius _____ while turn rate ______

increases, decreases

If stalled in a slip wings will

roll level

In a skid, turn radius _____ while turn rate _____

decreases, increases

If stalled in a skid airplane will

roll inverted

P-Factor

yawing caused by one prop blade creating more thrust than the other, down going blade on right die will create more thrust and cause yaw to left

P-Factor is more noticeable

in high power setting

when thrust axis is displaced from relative wind

Slip Stream Swirl

corkscrewing motion of air caused by prop that increases AOA on the vertical stabilizer

Load Factor

ratio of total lift over airplanes weight (G’s)

In a turn, lift vector is divided into _____

vertical and horizontal components

Limit Load Factor

greatest load factor airframe can sustain without risk of permanent deformation

Overstress

condition of possible permanent deformation by exceeding max load limit

Elastic Limit

the max load applied to a component without permanent deformation

Ultimate Load Factor

max load factor an airframe can withstand without structural failure (150% of limit load factor)

V-N Diagram

graph that summarizes airframe’s structural and aerodynamic limit

Accelerated Stall Lines

Lines of maximum lift, represents load factor that an airplane can produced based on airspeed

Maneuver Point

point where accelerated stall line and limit load factor intersect

Maneuvering Speed (V_a)

lowest airspeed where limit load factor can be reached (at below this speed airplane will stall before reaching limit load)

Redline Airspeed (V_NE)

highest airspeed an airplane is allowed to fly

Wake Turbulence

disturbance from wingtip vortices aft of wing that can instantly change the direction of the relative wind. Can cause a stall or compressor stall

Factors of wake turbulence

Weight, Speed, Wing Shape

What rate do wing vortices sink at

400-500 feet per minute

Most important technique for dealing with vortices is _____

avoidance

Wind Shear

a sudden change in wind direction and/or speed over a short distance

Wind shear is particularly dangerous at

low speed at low altitude due to changes in lift performance

In a level turn, the vertical component of lift

remains constant

In order to maintain level flight in a turn what must be increased

Total lift

How to avoid wake turbulence on takeoff and landing?

Take off prior to their rotation point and land beyond their touchdown point

In a skidding turn, turn radius is _____, the ball is _____ the turn, and the _____ wing is down

Decreased, outside, inside

Wake turbulence is maximized for what aircraft?

Heavy, Slow, Clean

Cornering velocity is the point at which

Accelerated stall line meets the structural damage region

P factor is caused by _____

Asymmetric thrust between the left and right prop due to asymmetric AOAs

What is the first thing you may notice when encountering wind shear?

Sudden, erratic movements in IAS without corresponding changes in flight controls

The limit load is what times the ultimate load?

2/3

What parts of the V-N diagram will be affected by an increase in weight?

Accelerated stall lines, limit load and ultimate load