aice marine chapter 1 water

Solubility

maximum amount of a substance that can dissolve in a given volume of solvent at a specified temperature and pressure.

What are some factors that affect the solubility of gas

Temperature: gas solubility decreases as temperature increases

Pressure: gas solubility increases with pressure

why pressure increases with depth in the ocean?

The weight of the water column above increases with depth, exerting greater force per unit area

When sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolves in seawater, what happens to its ions?

They are surrounded by polar water molecules and dispersed throughout the solution

Salinity

Salinity is the total dissolved salt content of seawater, measured in parts per thousand (ppt or ‰); average ocean salinity is approximately 35 ppt.

How does evaporation affect salinity

water molecules leave the surface as vapour, but dissolved salts remain — the remaining seawater becomes more saline.

How does Sea-ice formation affect salinity

when seawater freezes, salt ions are largely excluded from the ice crystal lattice (brine rejection) — the surrounding unfrozen seawater becomes saltier and denser.

arrangement and movement of particles in liquid seawater

▸ In liquid seawater, particles are close together / touching.

In liquid seawater, particles move and flow past one another but remain close;

Liquids have a definite volume but no fixed shape

▸ Water vapor particles have much more kinetic energy than liquid water particles

the arrangement and movement of particles in water vapor (gas).

particles are very far apart with large empty spaces between them.

particles move rapidly in all directions.

gases have neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape.

Water vapor particles have much more kinetic energy than liquid water particles

what are some biological challenges that deep pressure poses for marine organisms

High pressure compresses gas-filled spaces such as swim bladders, lungs, or air pockets, making it difficult for air-breathing organisms to dive deep.

Enzymes and cell membranes can be disrupted at extreme pressures / deep-sea organisms have pressure-adapted proteins and flexible membranes / no gas-filled spaces.

why is ice less dense than liquid water

As water cools below 4 °C, molecules form an open hexagonal lattice held together by hydrogen bonds — this structure occupies more volume per molecule than liquid water.

According to particle theory, which statement correctly describes the arrangement of particles in liquid seawater?

Particles are close together but able to move and flow past one another