CYC 112

Sleep

The act of resting and rejuvenating the body and mind through a period of unconsciousness.

Insufficient sleep

Not getting enough sleep, which can have negative effects on physical and mental health.

Recommended sleep time

The amount of sleep recommended for different age groups, such as 9-11 hours for children 5-13 years old and 8-10 hours for children 14-17 years old.

Sleep deprivation

A condition where an individual consistently does not get enough sleep, leading to various negative consequences.

Hyperactivity

Excessive levels of activity and restlessness, often associated with insufficient sleep.

Stress

A state of mental or emotional strain or tension, which can be exacerbated by lack of adequate sleep.

Poor mental health

A state of mental well-being characterized by symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and poor cognitive function, which can be influenced by insufficient sleep.

Academic achievement

The level of success and performance in educational pursuits, which can be negatively impacted by lack of sleep.

Circadian rhythms

The natural, internal processes that regulate the sleep-wake cycle and other bodily functions.

Sleep hygiene

Practices and habits that promote good sleep, such as establishing a bedtime routine and creating a sleep-friendly environment.

Puberty

The period of physical and sexual maturation during adolescence, characterized by hormonal changes and the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

Gonadarche

The phase of puberty involving the maturation of primary and secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast development in females and genital development in males.

Menarche

The first menstrual period experienced by girls during puberty.

Spermarche

The first ejaculation of semen experienced by boys during puberty.

Hormones

Chemical substances produced by the endocrine glands that regulate various bodily functions, including the onset and progression of puberty.

Androgens

Male sex hormones, such as testosterone, which play a crucial role in male pubertal development.

Estrogens

Female sex hormones, such as estradiol, which play a crucial role in female pubertal development.

Endocrine system

The system of glands that produce and secrete hormones, including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads.

Negative feedback system

A regulatory mechanism in which the body responds to changes by inhibiting or reducing the production of certain hormones.

Growth spurt

A period of rapid growth during puberty, characterized by an increase in height and weight.

Endocrine System

The system in the body responsible for regulating hormones and controlling various bodily functions, including puberty.

Hypothalamus

A region in the brain that plays a key role in controlling the release of hormones, including those involved in puberty.

Pituitary Gland

A small gland located at the base of the brain that produces and releases hormones, including FSH and LH, which are important for puberty.

Gonads

The reproductive organs (ovaries in females, testes in males) that produce sex hormones and gametes.

FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the development of follicles in the ovaries and the production of sperm in the testes.

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that triggers ovulation in females and the production of testosterone in males.

GnRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone)

A hormone produced by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland.

Negative Feedback System

A regulatory mechanism in which the output of a system inhibits or reduces the activity of the system, maintaining homeostasis.

Leptin

A hormone produced by fat cells that plays a role in regulating appetite and metabolism. It has been proposed as a pubertal initiator, but its role is not consistently supported by research.

Kisspeptins

A group of neuropeptides that have been proposed as pubertal initiators, but their role is not consistently supported by research.

Growth Hormone

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates growth and development, including during puberty.

Adrenarche

The phase of puberty involving hormonal changes in the adrenal glands, occurring before the onset of puberty.

Gonadarche

The phase of puberty involving the maturation of primary and secondary sexual characteristics, such as breast development in females and testicular growth in males.

Menarche

The first menstrual period in girls, marking the onset of reproductive capability.

Spermarche

The first ejaculation of semen in boys, marking the onset of reproductive capability.

Growth Spurt

A period of rapid growth during puberty, characterized by a significant increase in height and weight.

Sexual Maturation

The development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics, as well as the ability to reproduce.

Body Image

The perception and evaluation of one's own body, which can have a significant impact on self-esteem and psychological well-being.

Early Maturation

The onset of puberty at an earlier age than average, which can have both positive and negative effects on development.

Late Maturation

The onset of puberty at a later age than average, which can have both positive and negative effects on development.

Health-Compromising Behaviors

Behaviors that have a negative impact on health, such as smoking, substance abuse, and risky sexual behavior.

Health-Enhancing Behaviors

Behaviors that promote good health, such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and proper sleep.

Risk-Taking Behavior

Behavior that involves taking chances or engaging in potentially harmful activities, which is common during adolescence.

Emerging Adults

The period of development between adolescence and adulthood, characterized by increased independence and exploration.

Sleep Patterns

The timing and duration of sleep, which can change during adolescence and have an impact on academic performance and behavior.

Evolutionary Perspective

The view that behavior is influenced by the process of natural selection and adaptation to the environment.

Genes

Units of hereditary information that determine traits and characteristics, passed down from parents to offspring.

Heredity-Environment Interaction

The complex interplay between genetic factors and environmental influences in shaping development and behavior.

Genotype-Environment Correlations

The associations between an individual's genetic makeup and the environments they experience, including passive, evocative, and active correlations.

Epigenetic View

The belief that development is influenced by an ongoing interaction between genetic factors and environmental influences.