global

What was another name for the plague that devastated Europe in the 1300s?

The Black Death.

During what years did the Black Death spread through Europe?

1347 to 1351.

What bacterium caused the Black Death?

Yersinia pestis.

How was the plague commonly spread?

Through fleas on rats and human-to-human contact.

Approximately what fraction of Europe’s population died from the plague?

About one third (1/3).

What economic effect did the plague have on workers?

Wages increased due to labor shortages.

How did the plague contribute to the decline of feudalism?

It weakened the manorial system as peasants demanded higher wages and better conditions.

What is a pandemic?

An outbreak of a disease that occurs on a global scale.

What was the Hundred Years’ War?

A conflict between England and France over territorial disputes and claims to the French throne.

Which two countries fought in the Hundred Years’ War?

England and France.

In what year did the Hundred Years’ War begin?

1337.

In what year did the Hundred Years’ War end?

1453.

What was the main cause of the Hundred Years’ War?

Territorial disputes and succession claims.

Which country ultimately won the Hundred Years’ War?

France.

Who was Joan of Arc?

A peasant girl who rose to prominence in the Hundred Years’ War.

What role did Joan of Arc play in the war?

She led French troops to several important victories.

How old was Joan of Arc when she began leading French forces?

Around 17 years old.

What happened to Joan of Arc in 1431?

She was captured, tried for heresy, and burned at the stake.

How did the Hundred Years’ War strengthen France?

It unified the country and fostered a sense of nationalism.

How did the war affect England’s territories in France?

England lost most of its territories in France.

What feeling grew stronger in both England and France because of the war?

Nationalism.

Why is the conflict called the Hundred Years’ War if it lasted more than 100 years?

The name is a historical convention; the conflict spanned 116 years.

What was feudalism?

A social structure where land was owned by lords who allowed peasants to farm it in exchange for service.

How did labor shortages change society after the plague?

Peasants gained more rights and better working conditions, leading to social mobility.

How did people often react religiously to the plague?

Many turned to religion for answers, while others blamed religious groups or lost faith due to suffering.