Micro exam 1

What are microbes

Single celled or clusters of cells (micro organisms)

What is Microbiology

Science of organisms too small to be seen without microscope

What is Archaea

Single cell, extreme environments

What are bacteria

carried inside of the body

What are viruses

do no consist of cells, not alive

What are fungi

found inside of soil

what is protozoa

creek water, some cause infections

what is algae

no diseases but contain toxins

what are helminthes

parasitic worms

how big are most microbes

less than 5 micro meters

What are most micro organisms

not harmful, free-living

what are decomposer microbes

crucial for all life

what are parasitic microbes

one portion benefits, and one is harmed; toxic relationship

what is a pathogen

cause of infections

how many microbes cause infection and disease

more than 2,000

what are prokaryotes

ancient in history, no nucleus or organelles

what are eukarytoes

contain nucleus, protect genetic information

which type of cell appears more complex

eukaryotic

what do viruses contain

plasma membrane and cytoplasm

what are viruses

non living, no cells, akaryotic-noncellular; microscopic

what is a caspid

where genetic information is wrapped

what is taxonomy

system that organizes things based of their characteristics

what is a domain

first category taxonomy; huge, recent, and 3 sub categories

what is a kingdom

second category taxonomy; more narrow, things have more in common

what is a species

last category taxonomy; hyper specific, if 2 things alike - same organism

how many domains are there

3

what is based on molecular biology

16s RNA

how many 16s RNA is their per type of domain

1

What is not included in domain split

viruses; these are placed differently

what is domain archaea

no nucleus (prokaryotic), unique molecules, + 16s RNA

what is domain bacteria

no nucleus (prokaryotic), inside of every habitat

what is domain eukarya

contain nucleus (eukaryotic), uni / multicelluar [subdivided into kingdoms]

what is binomial name

scientific name of an organism

what is the first word in binomial

genus (uppercase, italics)

what is the second word in binomial

species (lowercase)

how are binomial name and diseases linked

not directly, just because it sounds alike doesn’t mean it causes a certain disease or infection

what is a low pH

less than 7

what is a neutral pH

7

what is a low pH

greater than 7

what is the pH of human blood

7.4

what is the pH of vinegar

2.4, high [H+]

what is the pH of lime water

12.4, high [OH-]

what are elements made of

atoms

what do atoms make

molecules

what do atoms give/take

electrons to form chemical bonds

what are the levels of organization

carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

what is DNA

stores genetic info, instructions for organism’s heredity

what is RNA

molecule’s responsible for carrying info, translate DNA into protein

what is the level of breaking down DNA

DNA → RNA → Protein

What is RNA to DNA

a helper

what is the structure of DNA

twisted ladder'; alternating A,T,C,G

what determines whats produced from DNA

the sequence of A,T,C,G

How many micro meters stuffed inside 2 micro meters

1200

what are enzymes

critical for all cells, protein

what are enzymes made of

amino acids, shape is crucial

what do enzymes do

speed up the rate of reactions, catalyze

what makes all enzymes specific

possess different characteristics, like a key for a door

what is denaturing

process of unraveling a protein

what is the human body consisted of

mostly neutral enzymes

what environment do cells work best in

neutral

what is the cell theory

all living things made of cells

what do cells come from

pre existing cells

what are cells in general

basic unit of life

who is Henrietta Lacks

cervical cancer, cells were passed around without consent, massive backbone for research

cells carry out what activities, or part of

reproduction, growth, metabolism, transport

what is the shape of cells

all are similar in, circular

what is the cell membrane

boundary of a cell

what is the cytoplasm

the internal fluid of the cell

what is the role of DNA and ribosomes

read genetic information

what are examples of prokaryotes

bacteria and archaea

what are examples of eukaryotic

fungi, protozoa, animals

what are characteristics of eukaryotes

large, contain organelles and nucleus

what are viruses

akaryotic, no cells - not alive

what are organelles

complex internal parts of a cell

how are organelles enclosed

via the cell membrane

what do organelles do

carry out specific activities such as metabolism and nutrition

what are examples of organelles

mitochondria and chloroplast

how are organelles categorized

as ONLY eukaryotic

what do eukaryotic consist of

several organelles such as nucleus, mitochondria and ER

what is the nucleus

houses DNA, ‘control center’

wha tis the mitochondria

associated with ATP

what is the ER

stores and produces lipids

what do eukaryotic cells contain

cell membrane, cytoplasm, etc.

what is mitosis

cell division

what are prokaryotic cells

contain no organelles or nucleus, one simple circle

what do prokaryotic cells undergo

binary fussion

how large are prokaryotic cells

1-5 micro meters

what do prokaryotic cells contain

cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes

what is the cell wall

found in prokaryotic cells and possessed by majority

what are flagella

bacterial propellers, used for self propulsion

what are chemotaxis

detect chemicals and are part of flagella

what is a positive movement with flagella

going to good stimulus

what is the name of going to a good stimulus with flagella

running

what is a negative movement with flagella

going away from bad stimulus

what is the name of going away from a bad stimulus with flagella

tumbling

what are fimbrae

stick, brstile-like fibers

what do fimbrae consist of

proteins that stick and attach to everyday surfaces

what is the mechanism of attaching with fimbrae

infection cannot be transmitted if not

how do fimbrae interact

via biofilm

what are pilus

made of proteins, and allow connections for sharing information