AP psych unit 5

Test prep

Hypertension

High blood pressure

Eustress

Positive stress - May motivate individuals to achieve their goals.

Distress

Negative stress - can cause anxiety and decrease performance.

Adverse childhood experiences - (ACE’S)

Traumatic events that occur in the youth and can continue to influence throughout adulthood

General Adaptation syndrome -

Looks at how a persons body reacts to stress when confronted with it for a long time

Stage 1 - Alarm reaction

Fight-flight-freeze, prepares an individual to confront, run away, and be unable to deal with the stressors

Stage 2 - resistance

The body may try to adapt to the stressors if it persists - (Drains the body’s energy)

Stage 3 - exhaustion

If the stressors persists, the body’s energy stores become depleted and systems may become weakened

Tend and befriend theory

Under stress, some are more likely to protect and care for themselves or others, or they may seek social support

Tending

Nurturing care, and an individual will take care of themselves or others

Befriending

An individual seeks out others and provides support

Problem focused coping

Viewing the stressors as a problem that can be solved. Identify the source of the stress, create a plan to deal with it, then use the plan

Emotion focused coping

One focuses on managing their emotional reactions to the stressors, instead of trying to change it

Positive psychology

Focuses on what makes life most worth living to individuals

Positive emotions

Looks at how focusing on joy and love can broaden a persons thinking and growth speed

Character strength

Looks at personality traits of an individual to better understand what qualities contribute to a meaningful life

Resistance and well-being

Examining how individuals recover from setbacks and maintain positive health in challenging moments

Gratitude

Recognizing and appreciating positive aspects of life

Virtues

Qualities that come most natural

Wisdom

Includes creativity and curiosity

Courage

Includes bravery and integrity

Humanity

Includes interpersonal strengths such as love and kindness

Justice

Includes fairness and leadership

Temperance

the voluntary moderation, restraint, and self-regulation of desires, emotions, and impulses to avoid extremes

Transcendence

Strengths that lead to better connections such as gratitude and hope

Post traumatic growth

Refers to positive psychological changes that occur as a result of struggling with challenging life events or trauma

Psychological disorder

Any condition characterized by cognitive and emotional disturbances, abnormal behaviors, impacted functioning, or any combination of these

Level of dysfunction

Ho well or poorly a person can carry out their day to day activities and complete their responsibilities

perception of distress

Involves experiences of negative emotions, pain, or stress related to an individuals behavior or mental processes

deviation from social norms

An individuals mental processes or behaviors may be significantly different from what is considered normal for society

Self fulfilling prophecy

Some individuals internalizing negative stereotypes about their disorder and then assuming that they are broken

DSM

A classification of mental disorders, listing symptoms and criteria for diagnosis. Provides statistical data as well

ICD

Used to create a global standard for classifying all health conditions, including mental and behavioral disorders

Behavioral perspective

Focuses on how mental disorders come from learned associations between responses and stimuli

Maladaptive learned

When an individual creates connections between stimuli and responses that are harmful or irrational

psycho dynamic perspective

Highlights how psychological disorder can originate from unconscious conflicts, that come from a persons childhood experiences

Humanistic perspective

Disorder develop due to a person lacking social support, failing to achieve their potential, or having an incongruent self concept

Incongruent self concept

When there is differences between a persons actual self, who they believe they are, and their ideal self

Cognitive perspective

Disorders come from maladaptive through (Negative thoughts) patterns, including distorted beliefs and attitudes

Evolutionary perspective

Focuses on how mental disorders that cause abnormal behavior often originate from an individuals genetics

sociocultural perspective

Disorders are influenced by social and cultural factors, including cultural norms, interpersonal relationships, and group dynamics

Biological perspective

Disorders are primarily driven by genetic and physiological factors

Biopsychusocial model

Proposes that the development of any psychological issue is influenced by multiple interconnected factors

Diathesis-stress model

How psychological disorders come from the interaction between genetic or biological vulnerabilities and stressful life events

Diathesis

How genetic predispositions or underlying biological factors impact an individual

Genetic predisposition

An increased likelihood of developing a particular trait, condition, or disorder due to inherited genetic factors

stress

How an individuals environment can cause significant life challenges

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Results in an individual having a hard time focusing, fidgeting or constantly moving, and acting without thinking

Autism spectrum disorder

May result in challenge switch social communication, repetitive behaviors, increased sensitivity

Genetic factors

Would include genetic mutations, inherited genes from parents, or the genetic makeup of a person

Physiological factors

Refers to things happening inside a persons body, such as how the brain is growing or functioning

Environmental factors

Include a variety of external influences that impact how the brain develops

Neurodevelopmental disorders

Include Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and Autism spectrum disorders

Schizophrenic spectrum disorders

Individuals may show symptoms in one ore more of five key areas, (Delusions, Disorganized thinking, hallucinations, flat affect, and catatonia)

Positive symptoms

Behaviors or experiences that add to a persons behavior

Negative symptoms

Behaviors or experiences that are absent from or reduced from an individuals behavior

Delusions

False beliefs - (Positive symptoms because beliefs are being added to the individual)

delusions of persecution

Beleving that others are out to harm you

Delusions of grandeur

The belief that you have exceptional abilities, wealth, fame, or are famous

Hallucinations

False perceptions - (Positive symptom)

Auditory

A person is hearing voices that aren’t actually there, but some will also have visual hallucinations as well

Disorganized motor behavior

Can be positive or negative, depending on what is happening

Catatonia

A condition that affects a persons movement and behavior

Catatonic excitement

Individuals experience sudden movements, with the individual becoming very active with unusual almost out of control movements

Catatonic Stupor

Being in a state with minimal movement or speech

Flat Affect

When one experiences reduced emotional expression, resulting in one showing little to no facial expressions

Disorganized thinking or speech

Adds abnormal cognitive or linguistic functions to the individual

Acute symptoms

Triggered by stress or a major life event, appear suddenly

Chronic sympotms

Develop overtime and remain persistent in ones life. They can lead to functional decline if not properly managed

Dopamine hypothesis

Elevated levels of dopamine can contribute to the intensity of schizophrenia symptoms

Depressive disorders

Consist of mood changes, such as individuals feeling sadness, or becoming frustrated easily

Major depressive disorders

Characterized by periods diminished interest in most activities, significant sleep or appetite changes, and negative thoughts

Persistent depressive disorder

Characterized by symptoms that are less intense compared to those of major depression, but are longer lasting

Biological and genetic factors

Include inherited vulnerabilities, such as having family members with a history of depression, and neurotransmitter imbalances

Social and cultural influences

Cultural norms and expectations around emotions, or stigmas against mental health, can shape how depression can be experienced by an individual and what help they may get.

Behavioral factors

Includes poor diet, lack of excersize, inadequate coping mechanisms for dealing with stress, improper reinforcement patterns, learned helplessness, and substance abuse.

Cognitive influences

Consists of persistent pessimistic thoughts, self criticism and more

Bipolar disorder

Involve shifts between two mood states, these mood swings often vary in intensity and duration depending on the person

Manic episodes

Moments of high energy, impulsively, and euphoria

Depressive episodes

Moments of low energy, sadness, and hopelessness

Bipolar cycling

Experiencing alternating periods of mania and depression

Bipolar 1 disorder

a manic episode that may come before or after a depressive episode

Bipolar 2

manic episodes are less severe (called hypomania), but depressive episodes are longer

Anxiety disorders

Consists of excessive fear and or worry

Specific phobia

An Intense, irrational fear or anxiety that is directed at a particular object or situation

Agoraphobia

Fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult

Panic disorder

An Intense, unexpected episode of fear accompanied by a variety of physical symptoms

Culture bound disorder

A psychological condition that is specific to a particular cultural group

Social anxiety disorders

Characterized by intense fear or anxiety about social situations where on might be judged, criticized, or watched by others

Generalized anxiety disorders

Excessive, uncontrollable worry about an individuals health, work school, finances, or other aspects of life

Obsessions

Intrusive, unwanted thoughts that repeatedly pop into a persons mind

Compulsions

Repetitive behaviors that are done to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions

Hoarding disorder

An individual has difficult discarding possessions, regardless of their actual value

Selected dissociative disorders

Involves a disconnection or separation from a persons consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, or perception

Dissociative Amnesia

Involves a persons inability to recall important personal information, due to trauma or severe stressor

Dissociative fugue

Where the individual not only forgets key details about themselves, but also includes unexpected travel away from ones environment

Dissociative Identity disorder

This disorder is marked the presence of two or more distinct personality states or identities

Selected trauma and stressor related disorders

Originate after experiencing or witnessing a highly disturbing or dangerous event

Hypervigilance

When the individual is always on the lookout for danger

Post traumatic stress disorder

People with PTSD often re experience the traumatic event that they witnessed or experienced through flashbacks or nightmares